Early Colonies EQ: What factors influenced the start and development of the early colonies?

Native American Life at the Time of Contact with Europeans There were over 30 different tribes in North Carolina at the time Europeans came They varied in size from tribes of only a few villages to tribes of thousands

The Algonquin Culture Lived along coastal North Carolina Tribes were held together by a common language Largest tribes = Pasquotank and Waccamaw

Algonquin Culture Location allowed for abundant fishing Ate fruits, melons, walnuts, cucumbers, peas, and roots

Tuscarora Dominated the coastal plain region The group had about 15 villages with 300 to 500 people in each village Related to the Iroquois Nation of New York

Catawba Lived along the Catawba river in a group of towns They were distinguished by their burnt black pottery

The Cherokee The Cherokee controlled 40,000 sq. mi. of territory – including parts of Tennessee, South Carolina, North Carolina, Georgia and Alabama One of the largest tribes in the US (approx. 30,000 members)

Tribal Organization Communities were led by Chiefs Chiefs controlled several towns (chiefdom) Tribal Councils – advised the chief Chiefs served as political, spiritual and military leaders, also distributed food

Belief System No one unified Native American spiritual belief system Great respect for nature Common legends and folklore to explain natural events

Sir Walter Raleigh & the Roanoke Colony English aristocrat and explorer Funded his own voyages Supported by Queen Elizabeth I 1584 - Landed at Roanoke Island Made connections with local Native Americans Decided to bring settlers back

Jamestown and Roanoke colonies

Roanoke Voyages

Roanoke Colony, cont. 1585 – 108 soldiers come to Roanoke to establish first colony 1586 – Colonists and Native Americans at “war,” and colony is abandoned 1587 – Second settlement attempted 117 colonists come to Roanoke Governor John White

Roanoke, cont. 1587 – John White returns to England to get supplies 1590 – White returns to Roanoke, but finds the colony has disappeared

1st Permanent English Colony After the Roanoke Colony failure, the English established their permanent colony at Jamestown in VA Colony became wealthy due to the sale of tobacco

Jamestown

The “Jamestown” Colony 1606 Virginia House of Burgesses – 1st Representative Democracy in New World 1st Permanent English Colony

Jamestown Timeline http://www.virtualjamestown.org/timeline2.html 1. 1606 King James I issues a charter to the Virginia Company for land on the mid-Atlantic Coast 2. 1607 May 13: 104 male settlers arrive at Jamestown, the first permanent England settlement in the New World May 26: Indian attacks December 10: Capt. John Smith is captured December 29: John Smith is saved by Pocahontas before Powhatan

Jamestown Timeline http://www.virtualjamestown.org/timeline2.html 4. 1609 500 more settlers come to Virginia Relations with Native Americans grow tense 5. 1610 September-May: The “Starving Time” reduces population to 60 (from 500-600) 3.1608 Settlers at Jamestown die in great numbers (38 of 104 remain)

Jamestown Timeline http://www.virtualjamestown.org/timeline2.html 8. 1618-1623 The “Great Migration” increases Jamestown’s population from 400 to 4,500 6.1612 John Rolfe tries a crop of tobacco to help save the Jamestown settlement 7. 1614 John Rolfe marries Pocahontas

Jamestown Timeline http://www.virtualjamestown.org/timeline2.html 9. 1619 VA House of Burgesses meets for the first time

Consequences of Jamestown’s Success

While VA grows (NC history to be continued)… A new colony to the north will start as well… Plymouth! But why?

Religion in the Colonies What is religion? Why does religion exist? Where have we seen religion in the colonies so far?

The Anglican Church “Church of England” Split from Catholic Church as part of the Protestant Reformation Henry VIII - Divorce

Church of England Hierarchy

Puritans & Pilgrims Desired reforms in the Church of England Settled in Massachusetts Bay Pilgrims desired a split from the Church of England Very devout

Quakers Society of Friends George Fox – founder Established numerous congregations 1672 – Fox made a pilgrimage to “the north of Carolina” Shocked by violence of Puritans and Pilgrims Salem Witch Trials Dominated early Carolina

Moravians Originated in Czech Republic Started as an objection to the Catholic Church Pacifists – Came to escape war and religious repression Settled in Winston-Salem Named the land Wachovia

Moravians – Bethabara, Bethania & Old Salem

Catholics in English Colonies Fled England due to discrimination of Anglicans Settle in Maryland Catholics will be the most hated religious group in the 13 colonies until well after the American Revolution. (tell GA story, Mr. Arzillo)

Religious Freedom Roger Williams Broke away from Plymouth (for his “dangerous “ ideas, forms Rhode Island Colony Desired “separation of church and state” May have been 1st abolitionist in English colonies… forbade any type of slavery and was friendly to natives.

Plymouth Colony Puritans 1620 Massachusetts Mayflower Compact – direct democracy, social contract

Mayflower Compact, 1620 In the name of God, Amen. We, whose names are underwritten, the Loyal Subjects of our dread Sovereign Lord, King James, by the Grace of God, of England, France and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, e&. Having undertaken for the Glory of God, and Advancement of the Christian Faith, and the Honour of our King and Country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia; do by these presents, solemnly and mutually in the Presence of God and one of another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil Body Politick, for our better Ordering and Preservation, and Furtherance of the Ends aforesaid; And by Virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and frame, such just and equal Laws, Ordinances, Acts, Constitutions and Offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the General good of the Colony; unto which we promise all due submission and obedience. In Witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names at Cape Cod the eleventh of November, in the Reign of our Sovereign Lord, King James of England, France and Ireland, the eighteenth, and of Scotland the fifty-fourth. Anno Domini, 1620

Salem Witch Trials

What is a colony? Land Usually has a desired resource Ruled by a country in another location

Mercantilism and the Triangle Trade

What was the purpose of mercantilism? System used by nations to ensure wealth Examples: Triangle Trade Navigation Acts Stamp Act Townshend Acts (Lead, Glass, Tea, Paint) Tea Act Molasses Act Sugar Act

Mercantilism Mercantilism is economic nationalism for the purpose of building a wealthy and powerful state. Seeks to enrich the country by restraining imports and encouraging exports. Dominated Western European economic thought and policies from the sixteenth to the late eighteenth centuries. The goal of these policies was, supposedly, to achieve a “favorable” balance of trade that would bring gold and silver into the country and also to maintain domestic employment. the mercantile system served the interests of merchants and producers such as the British East India Company, whose activities were protected or encouraged by the state. http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/Mercantilism.html

Organization of Colonial Governments 1. Joint Stock Company – self governing colony – operated under shared ownership (like a company) Jamestown (invest capital, enjoy returns) 2. Proprietary Colony – owned by wealthy landlords (PA, MD, DE) and nobles, recognized by king 3. Royal Colony – royal governor appointed by king with elected representative assembly NY, NC

Why did people risk leaving their homeland to come to North America? Economic Opportunity Cash Crops (sugar, indigo, tobacco, cotton) Indentured Servants (poor English peasants) Forced African Slaves Plantation System (large farm system) Middle Passage (slave route to Americas) Religious Freedom

Charter Document granted from English king, granting sovereignty Questions: What is sovereignty? What powers are gained through a charter? Why were charters necessary?

King Charles I Colonies of Maryland, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts created under his rule 1628 -- Granted charters to colonize lands south of Virginia, named for himself – Carolina The Carolina charter, known as the “Heath Patent” granted to Sir Robert Heath

King Charles II Due to lack of population, Charles II sold Heath Patent to the “8 Lord Proprietors” Proprietor = owner Promoted populating the colony through profit incentive

The 13 Colonies What do they have in common? Self Government Legislatures w/elected members Governor (elected or appointed by king) Salutary neglect- King not enforcing strict laws