Genetic Engineering Regular Biology

Selective Breeding  This is the process of allowing those organisms with specific characteristics to reproduce  This allows the most desirable traits to be passed onto the next generation  Currently – most domestic animals and crop plants are results of this

Results of Selective Breeding  Hybridization – when 2 dissimilar organisms are crossed to get the best of both organisms  Imbreeding – to continue breeding individuals with similar traits to retain characteristics This does allow more recessive defects to appear from generation to generation

Introducing Mutations  Mutations can also be introduced by using radiation and/or chemicals In bacteria – radiation was used to make bacteria that can digest oil In plants – chemicals were used to make polyploidy plants that were stronger than the original (bananas and citrus)

Genetic Manipulation  Is the process of changing the DNA This uses the knowledge of structure and chemical properties to be able to change the DNA This requires being able to extract the DNA, ID the desired sequence of bases, cutting and pasting new pieces of DNA, and then copying the DNA This is called genetic engineering

Steps of Genetic Engineering  Extract DNA – by opening and removing DNA from the cell  Read the Sequence – DNA polymerase is used to copy the DNA in a test tube and they use dyes to mark certain nucleotide bases so they can find the piece they want

How Genetic Engineering Works  Cutting the DNA – using restrictive enzymes to break apart DNA at a specific locations they can get the piece they want  Separating DNA – using electrophoresis to separate the DNA fragments to study  Pasting – using enzymes to put together the desired sequence Recombinant DNA – process of putting together genes from one organism to another  Making Copies – scientist use a process called polymerase chain reaction which adds a piece of DNA to both ends to keep it replicating

Genetic Engineering

Cell Transformation in Bacteria  Cell transformation - is the process of taking DNA from outside the of the cell to inside a new cell  The process In bacteria  Foreign DNA is joined to a circular DNA called a plasmid This plasmid has a DNA sequence that ensures it will replicate if it gets into a bacterial cell It also has a genetic marker that allows it to be recognized if it carries foreign DNA  Plasmid is mixed with bacteria  Treated with anti-bacteria to kill all cell except those with the new gene

Using Bacteria For Genetic Engineering

Cell Transformation In Plants And Animals In plant cells  Use bacterium to transfer a plasmid into the plant cells  They can also remove the cell wall and allow the DNA to enter directly In animal cells  Some can have DNA injected directly into the cell’s nucleus and then the DNA can be inserted into the chromosomes  Or a DNA sequence can be attached to the ends of the DNA molecule that only allow the chromosome to attach to specific sequences (new DNA)

What Comes After The Bacteria Or A Virus Has the New DNA

Transgenic Organisms  These are organisms that have genes from other species  Transgenic microorganisms – include fast growing bacterium that are used in health and industry for items like insulin, growth hormones, clotting factor

Transgenic Organisms  Transgenic animals – used to improve the food supply, improve immunity, allow organisms to be more resistant to diseases  Transgenic plants – used to make plants grow faster, produce more food, resistant to disease, more nutritious, resistant to drought/temp/salts/etc.

Cloning  A clone is a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell.  How The nucleus of body cell is removed Cell is fused with an egg cell from another adult The embryo is places in the foster mom

Cloning Cartoon