1 Back to class 10/22/04 Ian Shipsey Quarks and the Cosmos Ian Shipsey(*) (*) one of 15 astrophysicists & particle physicists at Purdue University A lecture to the President’s Council Purdue University

2 Back to class 10/22/04 Ian Shipsey Unfinished business from the 20 th Century

3 Back to class 10/22/04 Ian Shipsey Quarks and the Cosmos Inner Space / Outer Space

4 Back to class 10/22/04 Ian Shipsey Inner Space: Atoms

5 Back to class 10/22/04 Ian Shipsey Inner Space: quarks & electrons

6 Back to class 10/22/04 Ian Shipsey Atomic Nucleus electron The size of atoms, quarks and electrons Quarks are similar in size to electrons Most of an atom is empty space

7 Back to class 10/22/04 Ian Shipsey Question for the class Proton electric charge = +1 Neutron electric charge = 0 u u dd u d What are the charges of up and down quarks? up = +2/3 down = +1/3 up = +2/3 down = -1/3

8 Back to class 10/22/04 Ian Shipsey Inner space: The four forces Lets quarks change identity (d  u) (Nobel prize 2004)

9 Back to class 10/22/04 Ian Shipsey The periodic table of the elementary particles + anti-matter (antiparticles for each quark & lepton)

10 Back to class 10/22/04 Ian Shipsey Patterns (symmetry) predict missing particles Missing particle the 6 th quark More missing particles: Graviton Higgs SUSY Top quark found in 1995

11 Back to class 10/22/04 Ian Shipsey Unification of the Forces Electricity Magnetism Electromagnetism 1864 Electromagnetism Weak Electroweak Electromagnetism Weak Strong Grand unified force? Requires Higgs Requires photon

12 Back to class 10/22/04 Ian Shipsey Grand Unified Force Reqiures SUSY Supersymmetry=SUSY SUSY  normal+ SUSY Decay chain ends in lightest SUSY particle which is stable

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16 Back to class 10/22/04 Ian Shipsey SUSY particles are a leading candidate for dark matter

17 Back to class 10/22/04 Ian Shipsey Distance Velocity Expansion of the Universe

18 Back to class 10/22/04 Ian Shipsey Expansion of the Universe

19 Back to class 10/22/04 Ian Shipsey Distance Velocity A B Question for the class Graph shows distance compared to velocity for dots on a rubber band. The white solid line is from two slides ago. What do lines A and B correspond to? B faster stretching A slower stretching B slower stretching A faster stretching

20 Back to class 10/22/04 Ian Shipsey Distance Velocity Faster stretching Slower stretching Distance Amount of Stretch Decelerating expansion Accelerating expansion Long ago Now Constant expansion What would a change in the expansion rate look like?

21 Back to class 10/22/04 Ian Shipsey Relative Intensity of Light Relative Distance Far Amount of stretch Redshift (z) Near Low High Accelerating expansion Decelerating expansion Expansion of the Universe is accelerating Discovery of the year1998 Confirmation & refinements Major new satellite JDEM planned

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23 Back to class 10/22/04 Ian Shipsey Quantum Uncertainity & “empty” space Nothing is something! TIME SPACE Disappearance Appearance Particle Antiparticle

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26 Back to class 10/22/04 Ian Shipsey Galaxies born

27 Back to class 10/22/04 Ian Shipsey Primordial Soup

28 Back to class 10/22/04 Ian Shipsey Particle Physics

29 Back to class 10/22/04 Ian Shipsey * INNER SPACE- THE QUANTUM PARTICLE ACCELERATOR =TIME MACHINE= TELESCOPE

30 Back to class 10/22/04 Ian Shipsey Energy of the beams new particles of the primordial soup

31 Back to class 10/22/04 Ian Shipsey LHC:27 km (18 mile circumference, 100 m underground)

32 Back to class 10/22/04 Ian Shipsey Particle Physics Primordial Soup seconds AB 3,000,000,000,000,000° CONDENSED in 50 Earth masses in matter one 50 Earth masses in antimatter can + extra mountain of matter HOT per 10 billion years of total serving energy output of the sun INGREDIENTS In every spoonful every type of elementary particle

33 Back to class 10/22/04 Ian Shipsey Particle Physics Primordial Soup KNOWN INGREDIENTS: 56% QUARKS 16% GLUONS 16% ELECTRON-LIKE PARTICLES 9% W’s AND Z’s 5% NEUTRINOS 2% PHOTONS PROBABLE INGREDIENTS: 2% GRAVITONS 1% HIGGS SECRET INGREDIENTS: DARK MATTER, DARK ENERGY, EXTRA DIMENSIONS

34 Back to class 10/22/04 Ian Shipsey How do we see the soup particles? The Eyes of a Insect: 1 billion collisions/second 1,000 particles every 25 nanoseconds Need highly granular detectors that take pictures quickly, and can manipulate the resulting data on board and store it before shipping to a farm of CPUs

35 Back to class 10/22/04 Ian Shipsey The Eyes of a Piece of Silicon: The length of each side of the square is about the thickness of a piece of paper. Each eye is called a pixel

36 Back to class 10/22/04 Ian Shipsey The largest Silicon camera ever built at a University was built at Purdue in We are building a more advanced version of this detector for the LHC

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39 Back to class 10/22/04 Ian Shipsey CMS at LHC 21 m 16m 36 Nations 159 Institutions 1940 scientists (including 7 Purdue Professors)

40 Back to class 10/22/04 Ian Shipsey Discovery of the Higgs or SUSY or... in 2008?

41 Back to class 10/22/04 Ian Shipsey Summary The LHC is under construction and will take data in 2008 Many other particle physics and astronomy scientific instruments on Earth, deep below ground and in outer space are coming online soon Particle physicists & astrophysicists are poised to taste the primordial soup, to answer some of the great questions of the 21 st Century What is dark matter? What is dark energy? Is there only one force? Our notion of space and time may be radically altered. We may understand how the universe was born and how it will end Reading assignment: Scientific American September 2004 issue Many research opportunities for undergraduates: Learn more about our exciting research programs at:

42 Back to class 10/22/04 Ian Shipsey Acknowledgements This talk has drawn heavily on images obtained from CERN, NASA and Scientific American, and excellent talks given by Rocky Kolb, Lawrence Krauss, Gerard `t Hooft, Michael Turner and Jim Virdee. Original artwork was prepared by Steven Lichti (Purdue). Daniela Bortoletto and Francesca Shipsey are thanked for their love and support.