Essential Questions What is the significances of industrialization and urbanization on life in America during the mid- 1800s? How did the women’s rights movement grow out of the abolitionist movement, and what opposition did it face?

Women in Society -cult of domesticity husband, children, home, church - housework and child care were only proper activities for married women -could not vote in most places – -could not own property or keep wages if husband lived

Reformers -middle-class white women inspired by the optimistic message of the Second Great Awakening -expanding efforts to seek equal rights for themselves -Abolitionists / Suffrage: right to vote

Women’s Reforms Grimke sisters: abolitionists that taught slaves Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Stanton: organized the Seneca Falls Convention, women’s rights Susan B. Anthony leader of women’s rights, voted illegally Sojourner Truth former slave, women’s rights, “ain’t I woman?”

Women’s Reforms -Temperance - move to ban alcohol - offshoot of increased influence of churches and the women’s rights movement - American Temperance Society founded 1826

Women’s Movement -women saw increased opportunities in reform movements - i.e. abolitionists, religion -Seneca Falls Convention, 1848 Women’s rights. Led by Lucrietta Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton “Declaration of Sentiments” based on Declaration of Independence

Reforms -Women’s Education Catherine Beecher Oberlin College – first co-ed college -Health Reform - Elizabeth Blackwell – first woman to graduate from medical college - Amelia Bloomer – publisher of a temperance newspaper, idea of bloomers

Markets Expand -by the mid 1800’s people were no longer totally self- sufficient - Market revolution: people bought and sold goods rather than making them for their own use; -produce one product, buy all others -specialization – (ex. Make one part of the finished product, rather than the entire thing) -capitalism: production and distribution owned by individual or company -standard of living rose for almost everyone!

Transportation Changes -Robert Fulton steam powered ships – makes travel against current possible -many canals were built after Erie was completed – use of canals MUCH cheaper -growth of railroads – will transform transportation

Inventions Improve Life -Charles Goodyear vulcanized rubber -I.M. Singer sewing machines -Samuel Morse telegraph, Morse code – improves communication - relaying up-to-date information!

Agriculture -people began to move into the mid-western parts of the nation -John Deere: steel plows; -Cyrus McCormick mechanical reaper **These two make farming and settlement of west easier**

Changing Workplace -development of industry – continued expansion -decline of skilled labor due to specialization -growth of urban areas: cities and industrial areas -cost of goods decreased and supply increased – Supply and Demand theory!

Factory System Begins -Lowell textile mills 1st textile mill, located on rivers, most important industry before civil war -factory system -company town for young girls work before marriage Company towns: everything is owned by the main company in the town -strict control over the workers lives -factory conditions would warn of future problems

Working Conditions -long hours -six days a week -poor ventilation and lighting -unsafe working conditions -development of labor unions and strikes

Immigration -lots of immigration in the mid 1800’s becomes referred to as “Old Immigration” -mostly Irish or German -most immigrants settled in groups, replace working women at mills -low wages of immigrants caused problems with other workers – immigrants will work for less -Growth of Nativism: opposition to immigration -Know-Nothing Party: opposed to immigration