US History – Chapters 34-37

The Wave True Story! –1967 California High School Social Studies –Experiment was terminated after 4 days because the teacher felt it was spinning out of control 1981 Movie 2008 German Movie

Essential Question Could World War II have been prevented?

Chapter 34 Origins of World War II Read Section 1- Page 435 –What does appeasement mean? –Look at that cartoon Who is the man on the island? Who are the sea monsters? What are the lollipops?

1.The Versailles Treaty

2.The Ineffectiveness of the League of Nations y No control of major conflicts. y No progress in disarmament. y No effective military force.

3.The “Stab-In-The-Back” Theory German soldiers are dissatisfied. German soldiers are dissatisfied.

France – False Sense of Security? The Maginot Line

4.The Great Depression

5.The Manchurian Crisis, 1931

Japan Invades Manchuria, 1931

6. Italy Attacks Ethiopia, 1935 Emperor Haile Selassie

7. Germany Invades the Rhineland March 7, 1936

The National Front [Nationalists] The National Front [Nationalists] The Popular Front [Republicans] The Popular Front [Republicans] 8.The Spanish Civil War:

The Spanish Civil War: A Dress Rehearsal for WW II? Italian troops in Madrid

9.The Japanese Invasion of China, 1937

10.The “Problem” of the Sudetenland

Appeasement: The Munich Agreement, 1938 Now we have “peace in our time!” Herr Hitler is a man we can do business with. Now we have “peace in our time!” Herr Hitler is a man we can do business with. British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain

Czechoslovakia Becomes Part of the Third Reich: 1939

Rome-Berlin Axis, 1939 The “Pact of Steel”

Rise of the Dictators Read pages and complete the chart on the handout. 1.In the top box list the name of the political system that matches the dictator and provide two-three characteristics of that system. 2.In the second box describes tactics the dictator used to gain power.

The Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, 1939 Foreign Ministers von Ribbentrop & Molotov

3 Things to Remember…. 1.Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact: Both countries agreed not to fight each other and to split Poland 2.Germany attacks Poland: Start of WWII because Britain & France declare war on Germany (9/1/39) 3.Blitzkrieg: Lightening War – multiple attacks by air and land to produce a highly mobile fast moving army

Poland Attacked: Sept. 1, 1939 Blitzkrieg [“Lightening War”]

German Troops March into Warsaw

More Things to Remember: 1.Germany takes over most of Europe leaving Britain to fight alone 2.Britain survives the Battle of Britain and avoids invasion because its air force successfully fights off the Germans 3.Lend Lease Act – allows the US to lend or lease military goods to any country considered vital to the defense of the US

The “Phoney War” Ends: Spring, 1940

Dunkirk Evacuated June 4, 1940

France Surrenders June, 1940

Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis: The Tripartite Pact September, 1940

Great Britain $31 billion Soviet Union $11 billion France $ 3 billion China $1.5 billion Other European $500 million South America $400 million The amount totaled: $48,601,365,000 U. S. Lend-Lease Act, 1941

Lend-Lease

The Atlantic Charter y Roosevelt and Churchill sign treaty of friendship in August y Calls for League of Nations type organization after the end of WWII.

Operation Barbarossa: Hitler’s Biggest Mistake

Operation Barbarossa: June 22, 1941 y 3,000,000 German soldiers. y 3,400 tanks.

Battle of Stalingrad: Winter of German ArmyRussian Army 1,011,500 men1,000,500 men 10,290 artillery guns13,541 artillery guns 675 tanks894 tanks 1,216 planes1,115 planes

What about the United States?

US Reasons for Isolation Memories of WWI Relationship / relatives on both sides Economic issues

Three Stages of US Involvement Stage 1 – Isolationism ( ) Stage 2 – Assistance ( ) –Lend Lease Act Supplies, Cash to allies Stage 3 – Involvement ( )

U. S. Neutrality Acts: 1934, 1935, 1937, 1939

America-First Committee Charles Lindbergh

Pearl Harbor

Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto

Pearl Harbor from the Cockpit of a Japanese Pilot

Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941 A date which will live in infamy!

President Roosevelt Signs the US Declaration of War

USS Arizona, Pearl Harbor

Pearl Harbor Memorial 2,887 Americans Dead!

Impacts of Pearl Harbor 1.US Naval power in the Pacific greatly weakened – creates the opportunity for Japan to conquer significant territories 2.Mobilizes Americans for WAR! 1.Industry, Armed Services Volunteers, Draft, Financial Support 3.Greatly expands anti-Japanese attitudes 1.Fear of additional attacks 2.Fear of espionage

Why? Japan wanted to conquer East Asian nations to secure raw materials Japan wanted to control East Asia US supplied aid to China (Japan’s enemy) US froze Japanese assets in American banks US blocked the export of vital resources (including oil) to Japan

Japanese Internment Camps During the winter of 1942, in the first months of America’s war with Japan, the United States government ordered tens of thousands of people of Japanese ancestry, two-thirds of them American citizens, to report to assembly centers throughout the West for transfer to internment camps. Approximately 120,000 people Hundreds of millions in personal property lost

Why?

Japanese Internment Camps

Population and Location

Relocation Camp

Horse Stalls for Homes

America on the Home Front

The “Big Three” Winston Churchill, Franklin Roosevelt, Joseph Stalin

European Theatre Why did the Allies focus on Europe 1 st ? –Allies needed to invade Europe to regain lost territory –Russia wanted Allied invasion as soon as possible to reduce German pressure on Russian troops

D-Day June 6, 1944  The invasion would begin on the beaches of Normandy, France.  The largest amphibious force in the history of warfare.  Considered by some to be the greatest military achievement of the 20 th century.

PreparationPreparation  9 battleships  23 Cruisers  104 destroyers  71 U-boats  150,000 troops set to cross the English Channel in the invasion of Hitler’s fortress of Europe

Germans Anticipated attack in 1944

D-Day Leaders General Dwight D. Eisenhower  The success of the invasion was far from a certainty in Eisenhower's mind.  In advance, he wrote a short speech for the potentially catastrophic failure.

D-Day Leaders General Dwight D. Eisenhower Our landings have failed and I have withdrawn the troops. My decision to attack at this time and place was based on the best information available. The troops, the air and the navy did all that bravery could do. If any blame or fault attaches to the attempt it is mine alone.

"to preserve … our civilization and to set free a suffering humanity." - Franklin D. Roosevelt “The whole of the South Coast of England is a bastion of defense against the invasion of Hitler; you've got to turn it into the springboard for our attack." - Winston Churchill “I have full confidence in your courage, devotion to duty, and skill in battle. We will accept nothing less than full victory.” - General Dwight D. Eisenhower

D-Day Leaders Field Marshall Rommel  Commander of the 7 th German Army.  Told Hitler about the severity of the invasion but was rejected.  Planned with other officers to possibly overthrow Hitler in hopes of negotiating with the Allies.  Rommel accused of assassination attempt on Hitler—Suicide!

“Welcome to Hell”

Normandy Landing (June 6, 1944 ) Higgins Landing Crafts German Prisoners

FatalitiesFatalities 4,500 Allied and American troops dead

National D-day Memorial Foundation

D-Day: Turning the Tide of War  Success of the invasion was necessary for the Allies to launch an attack to liberate France.  Allies moved permanently to the offensive as the armies marched through Europe to liberate the other conquered nations.

July 20, 1944 Assassination Plot Major Claus von Stauffenberg

July 20, 1944 Assassination Plot 1. Adolf Hitler 2. Field Marshall Wilhelm Keitel 3. Gen Alfred von Jodl 4. Gen Walter Warlimont 5. Franz von Sonnleithner 6. Maj Herbert Buchs 7. Stenographer Heinz Buchholz 8. Lt Gen Hermann Fegelein 9. Col Nikolaus von Below 10. Rear Adm Hans-Erich Voss 11. Otto Gunsche, Hitler's adjutant 12. Gen Walter Scherff (injured) 13. Gen Ernst John von Freyend 14. Capt Heinz Assman (injured) this to a friend-mail this to a friend

T The Liberation of Paris: August 25, 1944 De Gaulle in Triumph!

U. S. Troops in Paris, 1944

French Female Collaborators

The Battle of the Bulge: Hitler’s Last Offensive Dec. 16, 1944 to Jan. 28, 1945

Mussolini & His Mistress, Claretta Petacci Are Hung in Milan, 1945

US & Russian Soldiers Meet at the Elbe River: April 25, 1945

Hitler’s “Secret Weapons”: Too Little, Too Late! V-1 Rocket: “Buzz Bomb” V-2 Rocket Werner von Braun

Hitler Commits Suicide April 30, 1945 The F ü hrer’s Bunker Cyanide & Pistols Mr. & Mrs. Hitler

V-E Day (May 8, 1945) General Keitel

V-E Day (May 8, 1945)

Singapore Surrenders [February, 1942]

U.S. Surrenders at Corregidor, the Philippines [March, 1942]

Bataan Death March : April, ,000 prisoners [12,000 Americans] Marched 60 miles in the blazing heat to POW camps in the Philippines.

4 th Marines Patch

Bataan Death March

Details of the March The only way to get the men to the camp was to make them march the 70 miles. The Japanese High Command believed that it should only require a few days, but the men taken as prisoners of war were not in good health and were malnourished. That set the stage for an onslaught of inexcusable brutality. –They committed random beatings and killings of all kinds –1000 soldiers died on the nine day hike

Bataan: British Soldiers A Liberated British POW

Allied Counter-Offensive: “Island-Hopping”

“Island-Hopping”: US Troops on Kwajalien Island

Farthest Extent of Japanese Conquests

Battle of Midway Island: June 4-6, 1942

Japanese Kamikaze Planes: The Scourge of the South Pacific Kamikaze Pilots Suicide Bombers

Gen. MacArthur “Returns” to the Philippines! [1944]

US Marines on Mt. Surbachi, Iwo Jima [Feb. 19, 1945]

WW II Casualties Country Men in war Battle deaths Wounded Australia1,000,00026,976180,864 Austria800,000280,000350,117 Belgium625,0008,460 55,513 1 Brazil 2 40, ,222 Bulgaria339,7606,67121,878 Canada 1,086, , ,145 China 3 17,250,5211,324,5161,762,006 Czechoslovakia— 6, ,017 Denmark—4,339— Finland500,00079,04750,000 France—201,568400,000 Germany20,000,000 3,250, ,250,000 Greece—17,02447,290 Hungary—147,43589,313 India2,393,89132,12164,354 Italy3,100, , ,716 Japan9,700,0001,270,000140,000 Netherlands280,0006,5002,860 New Zealand 194,000 11, ,000 Norway75,0002,000— Poland—664,000530,000 Romania 650, ,000 6 — South Africa 410,0562,473— U.S.S.R.— 6,115, ,012,000 United Kingdom 5,896, , ,267 United States 16,112,566291,557670,846 Yugoslavia3,741,000305,000425,000 1.Civilians only. 2.Army and navy figures. 3.Figures cover period July 7, 1937 to Sept. 2, 1945, and concern only Chinese regular troops. They do not include casualties suffered by guerrillas and local military corps. 4.Deaths from all causes. 5.Against Soviet Russia; 385,847 against Nazi Germany. 6.Against Soviet Russia; 169,822 against Nazi Germany. 7.National Defense Ctr., Canadian Forces Hq., Director of History.

Massive Human Dislocations

The U.S. & the U.S.S.R. Emerged as the Two Superpowers of the later 20 c

The Creation of the U. N.

The Nuremberg War Trials: Crimes Against Humanity

Japanese War Crimes Trials General Hideki Tojo Bio-Chemical Experiments

7 Future American Presidents Served in World War II

Early Computer Technology Came Out of WW II Mark I, 1944 Admiral Grace Hooper, COBOL language Colossus, 1941