1 Current Status and Development Plans for the Nuclear Power Sector in Russia: Generation Capacity, and Fuel-cycle Approaches

2 Map of Russian NPPs sites 10 NPPs, 31 units, N уст. =23242 MWt

3 Russian NPPs generation in

4 The dynamic of failures of Russian NPPs in

5 Trend of reactor scrams in

6 Radiation and environmental safety at NPPs in 2006 No incidents associated with radiological consequences and environmental pollution. Radioactivity of gas-aerosol effluents and liquid releases does not exceed the permissible values. Main dose limits are met at all the NPPs.

7 Main issues in operation of Russian NPPs in Metal corrosion and erosion processes Faults in operation of electric equipment Natural impacts

8 Examples of erosion-corrosion destructions SMO Damage of low-pressure steam lines at turbine generator 6 of Smolensk NPP

KUR. Damaged equipment of the open switchyard 330 kV

10 Volgodonsk NPP (January 29, 2005) Intake channel covered with the ice

11 Natural impacts (birds) 7 failure of the open switchyard electric equipment occurred in the period due to the birds: Novovoronezh – 1 event; Leningrad – 2 events; Kursk - 4 events

12 Main areas of activities in Upgrading and LTE Improvement of the NPP effectiveness Improvement and ensuring of NPP equipment reliability Management of SNF and RW Preparations to decommissioning Emergency preparedness Human factor

13 Factors promoting the performance of NPP lifetime extension (LTE) activties Conservatism 30-yearsConservatism of the previously accepted design basis for justification of the 30-years life time for the operating NPPs Large scope of upgrading activitiesLarge scope of upgrading activities implemented during the design life time significantly lowerSpecific costs for NPP lifetime extension are significantly lower then the investments required for construction if new NPP units UPGRADING AND LTE NPP operation experience allows to justify the revision of the previously accepted NPP lifetime durations

14 Radwaste management facilities taken into operation in Kursk NPP unit 1 solid radioactive waste storage; Kursk NPP radwaste accumulation and sorting facility; Smolensk NPP liquid radwaste storage 2; Solid radwaste temporal storage facility in the turbine hall of Smolensk NPP; Storage polygon for the waste containing raidionuclides in permissible values at Balakovo NPP. RW AND SNF MANAGEMENT

15 Improvement of the SNF management Main pending issues – safety ensuring in SNF storage and transportation from the NPP sites. Ways of resolution: Implementation of the facilities for cask-type storage and transportation of the SNF from the RBMK NPPs; Construction of the centralized dry storage for SNF from RBMKs and VVERs at Krasnoyarsk; Establishment of the facilities ensuring removal of the SNF from the AMB reactors of Beloyarsk first stage; Construction of additional SNF pit at Bilibino. RW AND SNF MANAGEMENT

16 Forecast of electricity generation in Russia (Energy strategy of Russia for the period to 2020) (approved by the Decree of the Russian Government dated №1234-р) In the European part of Russia: Growth of the NPP generation share to 30%; Growth coverage – to 50% in average Optimistic Medium bln.kW.hr/year TOTAL At NPPs

17 In particular before 2030 to implement 40 GWt of electric power in the country and almost the same amount abroad. To achieve this it is necessary: 1. Uranium problem 2. The problem of SNF and radwaste 3. Machine-building base 4. Constructional base 5. Road-map

18 Construction policy 1. Units completion (from 3 to 5) which have already been started to be built 2. To prepare NPP project – 2006 To take all the best which exists on PWR and to prepare and make a standard project. To ensue the construction velocity up 2 units to By 2010 to realize the PWR project corresponding the best international models and to realize their serial production between 2010 and By 2020 dimensioned scientific and further nuclear energy development must be realized

19 In the version of experimental-industrial complex creation for next generation nuclear fuel cycle processing: -To finish reactor BN-800 construction at Beloyarsk NPP -BN-800 is necessary for practical confirmation of new safety level, new fuel type, construction materials and closed fuel cycle. It’ll be implemented in Nowadays everything is restrained because of fuel production lack (the main question is where and how MOX fuel will be produced

20 In the version of dimensioned serial construction of commercially effective units of generation with fuel production and SNF reprocessing Fast reactor based on sodium technology: -Development of head licensed project of commercial NPP Production of the first loading in the Complex – 300 – Creation of fuel production for serial NPPs – NPP putting into operation (building) – Creation of SNF reprocessing production

21 Specific indices: -Prime cost – 3 cents per 1 Kw/h -Specific cost – 1000 per 1 Kw/h -Annual delivery of electric power – Gw/h a year -Lifetime – 60 years -Staff coefficient – 0,35 pers/Mw -Coefficient of reproduction – 1,3 with the possibility of increase to – 1,5

22 In Russia not less than 1,0 Gw a year Fast reactor with plumbum coolant (FRSC) – creation of commercial block with fuel production and SNF reprocessing is possible by 2030 High-temperature graphite reactor for energotechnological use (hydrogen and etc) and electric energy production – prototypical unit by 2017 and the head four unit NPP with fuel production by 2025 Regional NPP Floating NPPs on the basis of energy facilities from ice- breakers are viewed. The first NPP is being built in Murmansk

23 Desirable and expected composition and structure of reactor park of Russia: – 45 Gw TR – 50 Gw TR and 5 Gw FR – 55 Gw TR and 15 Gw FR

24 Level of readiness of Russian nuclear industry engineering base for realization of the next generation nuclear fuel cycle creation project In the version of experimental-industrial complex - Technical project BN-800 is approved and there’s a license for building and construction has been started. - Creation of BN-800 is a necessary step before creation of commercial reactor: - Technology of MOX fuel production was elaborated and tested: - There’s readiness for development of technical project for fuel production. - In BN-800 commercial reactor fuel capacity should be proved; - SNF reprocessing was tested in Research Institute and is ready for realization at RT-1 (variant without separation of uranium and plutonium is possible).

25 In the version of serial construction of commercially effective power units of next generation with fast reactors. Initial phase, elaboration of commercial reactor conception. All the complex of activities with the sodium coolant technology confirms possibility of development of necessary technologies for the projects of commercial reactors and nuclear fuel cycle facilities. There aren’t constructional materials for deep fuel burn-out There’s no project for fuel production

26 Spent fuel management Fuel of WWR-440 reactor type is reprocessed at the plant RT-1 at the Urals. Fuel of WWR-1000 and RBMK in Krasnoyarsk region. Pond storage (“wet”) (Spent fuel storage-1) SFS-1 capacity for SNF of WWR-1000 is 6000 tons (by uranium dioxide). SNF for storage is received from three Russian NPPs (Novovoronezh, Balakovo and Kalinin), four Ukranian NPPs (Southern- Ukranian, Zaporozhskaya, KHmelnitskaya, Rovenskaya) and one Bulgarian NPP (“Kozloduy”). SNF reception is foreseen at Volgodonsk NPP.

27 Design storage volume of RBMK-1000 SNF of launching complex is 5082 tons (U) Design total volume is tons (U), including: tons (U) – РBМК tons (U) – WWR-1000 Real amount of SNF isn’t shown in tons U, but in uranium dioxide tons (UО2), because this dioxide is nuclear fuel. Thus real amount of SNF at a dry storage is: × UО2 / U = 37785/238 = tons UО2.