American Expansion into the Pacific and Early Imperialism

* In the Pacific, new markets were forced open first in Japan, when the United States made a show of force. In China, the United States sought to maintain trade relations through other countries attempts at imperialism. In Hawaii, American business leaders led a successful campaign for Hawaiian annexation * The $.99 version!

FIRST, let’s focus on the PACIFIC

Commodore Perry and the “Opening of Japan” * Japanese ports were essentially closed to the outside world (U.S. hopes…) * PERRY EXPEDITION (1853) * Perry’s “Black Ships” resulted in the opening of Japan to trade, and the establishment of diplomatic relations between Japan and the western world * Treaty of Kanagawa * Japan began to “Westernize” – Imperial power by 1890s…

The United States and China: an “Open Door” approach… * Japan defeats China in Sino- Japanese War, 1895 (Korea) * * Japan occupies Taiwan, Korea, Northern China = “spheres of influence” * European Countries start to do the same… * JOHN HAY initiates “Open Door” Policy in China (1899)* * Called on Euro. powers and Japan to ensure “equal trading rights” and Chinese territorial integrity *

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The United States’ actions in Hawaii are the best examples of early American imperialism!

* The Kingdom of Hawaii was SOVEREIGN from 1810 until 1893 when the monarchy was overthrown by American businessmen * * It was an independent republic from 1894 until 1898, when it was annexed by the United States as a territory, becoming a state in 1959 *

Hawaiian Annexation * 1887, King of Hawaii was ‘overthrown’ by a group of sugar traders… (DOLE) * * Forced to sign the BAYONET CONSTITUTION * 1893, Queen Liliuokalani seeks to create a new constitution… BAD IDEA! * Committee of Safety, U.S. Marines and overthrow… * Republic of Hawaii, and Territory of Hawaii until 1959!

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