Consult + Engineer + Commission Creating Exceptional Environments © All Rights Reserved January 18, 2011 UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SYSTEM (UPS) TECHNOLOGY UPDATE IEEE Industry Applications Society Atlanta Chapter

Consult + Engineer + Commission © All Rights Reserved UPS TECHNOLOGY UPDATE 2 TYPES OF UPS TECHNOLOGIES STATIC, DOUBLE CONVERSION STATIC, LINE INTERACTIVE FLYWHEEL-BASED ROTARY OFF-LINE

Consult + Engineer + Commission © All Rights Reserved UPS TECHNOLOGY UPDATE 3 STATIC, DOUBLE CONVERSION UPS TOPOLOGY NORMAL POWER PATH: INPUT-RECTIFIER-DC BUS- INVERTER-OUTPUT BYPASS POWER PATH: INPUT-STATIC SWITCH-OUTPUT STORED POWER PATH: BATTERY/FLYWHEEL-DC BUS- INVERTER-OUTPUT MAJOR MANUFACTURERS: GE, LIEBERT, MGE, MITSUBISHI, POWERWARE, TOSHIBA

Consult + Engineer + Commission © All Rights Reserved UPS TECHNOLOGY UPDATE 4

Consult + Engineer + Commission © All Rights Reserved UPS TECHNOLOGY UPDATE 5 STATIC, DOUBLE CONVERSION UPS CHANGES FOR INCREASED OPERATING EFFICIENCY PWM IGBT RECTIFIERS INSTEAD OF SCRS PWM IGBT INVERTERS ELIMINATE INPUT AND OUTPUT TRANSFORMERS USER-SELECTABLE OFFLINE OPERATION USER-SELECTABLE CAPACITY CONTROL DISTRIBUTED OR SYSTEM STATIC BYPASS SWITCH

Consult + Engineer + Commission © All Rights Reserved 6 STATIC, DOUBLE CONVERSION UPS OPERATING EFFICIENCY TYPICALLY 91%-96% AT FULL LOAD AND 90%-94% AT HALF LOAD USER-SELECTABLE OFFLINE 98% USER-SELECTABLE CAPACITY CONTROL CAN IMPROVE % AT LOW LOADS UPS TECHNOLOGY UPDATE

Consult + Engineer + Commission © All Rights Reserved UPS TECHNOLOGY UPDATE 7 THE FLEAS THAT COME WITH THE DOG, PART 1 ELIMINATING TRANSFORMERS REDUCES DC BUS SAFETY INDUSTRY TREND IS TO ELIMINATE TRANSFORMERS ELIMINATING THE OUTPUT TRANSFORMER MAY ELIMINATE A WYE-CONNECTED OUTPUT INDUSTRY TREND IS TO PROVIDE DISTRIBUTED STATIC BYPASS SWITCHES IN USER-SELECTABLE OFFLINE MODE, SOME TRANSIENTS COULD GET THROUGH BEFORE THE UPS CAN REACT

Consult + Engineer + Commission © All Rights Reserved UPS TECHNOLOGY UPDATE 8 STATIC, LINE-INTERACTIVE UPS TOPOLOGY NORMAL POWER PATH: INPUT-MAIN STATIC SWITCH-OUTPUT BYPASS POWER PATH: INPUT-ALTERNATE STATIC SWITCH-OUTPUT STORED POWER PATH: BATTERY-DC BUS-INVERTER- OUTPUT MANUFACTURER: APC (SYMMETRA MW)

Consult + Engineer + Commission © All Rights Reserved UPS TECHNOLOGY UPDATE 9

Consult + Engineer + Commission © All Rights Reserved UPS TECHNOLOGY UPDATE 10 STATIC, LINE INTERACTIVE UPS CHANGES FOR INCREASED OPERATING EFFICIENCY IMPROVED FIRMWARE CONTROL STATIC, LINE INTERACTIVE UPS OPERATING EFFICIENCY TYPICALLY 97% AT FULL LOAD, 96% AT HALF LOAD AND 94% AT QUARTER LOAD

Consult + Engineer + Commission © All Rights Reserved UPS TECHNOLOGY UPDATE 11 THE FLEAS THAT COME WITH THE DOG, PART 2 REDUCED DC BUS SAFETY SOME TRANSIENTS COULD GET THROUGH BEFORE THE UPS CAN REACT

Consult + Engineer + Commission © All Rights Reserved UPS TECHNOLOGY UPDATE 12 FLYWHEEL-BASED UPS TOPOLOGY NORMAL POWER PATH: INPUT-MAIN STATIC SWITCH-INDUCTOR-OUTPUT BYPASS POWER PATH: INPUT-ALTERNATE STATIC SWITCH-OUTPUT STORED POWER PATH: FLYWHEEL-CONVERTER- INDUCTOR-OUTPUT MANUFACTURER: ACTIVE POWER

Consult + Engineer + Commission © All Rights Reserved UPS TECHNOLOGY UPDATE 13

Consult + Engineer + Commission © All Rights Reserved UPS TECHNOLOGY UPDATE 14 FLYWHEEL-BASED UPS CHANGES FOR INCREASED OPERATING EFFICIENCY IMPROVED FIRMWARE CONTROL STATIC, LINE INTERACTIVE UPS OPERATING EFFICIENCY TYPICALLY 98% AT FULL LOAD AND 96% AT HALF LOAD

Consult + Engineer + Commission © All Rights Reserved UPS TECHNOLOGY UPDATE 15 THE FLEAS THAT COME WITH THE DOG, PART 3 LIMITED ENERGY STORAGE – 14 SECONDS SYSTEM CAPACITY LIMITED BY THE CAPACITY OF ONE STANDBY GENERATOR

Consult + Engineer + Commission © All Rights Reserved UPS TECHNOLOGY UPDATE 16 BASIC ROTARY UPS TOPOLOGY NORMAL POWER PATH: INPUT-RECTIFIER- INVERTER-SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE-OUTPUT BYPASS POWER PATH: INPUT-STATIC SWITCH - SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE –OUTPUT STORED POWER PATH: BATTERY-DC BUS-INVERTER- SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE-OUTPUT MANUFACTURER: PILLER

Consult + Engineer + Commission © All Rights Reserved UPS TECHNOLOGY UPDATE 17

Consult + Engineer + Commission © All Rights Reserved UPS TECHNOLOGY UPDATE 18 VARIATION ON ROTARY UPS TECHNOLOGY, AKA DYNAMIC ROTARY UPS (DRUPS) NORMAL POWER PATH: INPUT-RECTIFIER-COUPLING CHOKE-OUTPUT BYPASS POWER PATH: INPUT-BYPASS SWITCH - OUTPUT STORED POWER PATH: ENGINE-COUPLING-ENERGY ACCUMULATOR-SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE- COUPLING CHOKE-OUTPUT CAN OPERATE AT LOW VOLTAGE OR MEDIUM VOLTAGE MANUFACTURERS: EURO-DIESEL, HITEC, PILLER

Consult + Engineer + Commission © All Rights Reserved UPS TECHNOLOGY UPDATE 19

Consult + Engineer + Commission © All Rights Reserved UPS TECHNOLOGY UPDATE 20 ROTARY UPS CHANGES FOR INCREASED OPERATING EFFICIENCY IMPROVED FIRMWARE CONTROL USER-SELECTABLE OFFLINE OPERATION ROTARY UPS OPERATING EFFICIENCY TYPICALLY 92% AT FULL LOAD AND 88% AT HALF LOAD (BASIC) TYPICALLY 96% AT FULL LOAD AND 48% AT HALF LOAD (VARIATION)

Consult + Engineer + Commission © All Rights Reserved UPS TECHNOLOGY UPDATE 21 THE FLEAS THAT COME WITH THE DOG, PART 4 VARIATION IS THE MOST UPS CAPACITY/SQUARE FOOT OF BUILDING AREA VARIATION HAS CONSTANT LOSSES, REGARDLESS OF LOAD VARIATION CAN SUPPLY LARGE MEDIUM VOLTAGE SYSTEMS (VOLTAGE VARIES BY MANUFACTURER)

Consult + Engineer + Commission © All Rights Reserved UPS TECHNOLOGY UPDATE 22 OFFLINE UPS TOPOLOGY NORMAL POWER PATH: INPUT-STATIC SWITCH- OUTPUT BYPASS POWER PATH: INPUT-BYPASS SWITCH- OUTPUT STORED POWER PATH: BATTERY-INVERTER-STEPUP TRANSFORMER-OUTPUT CAN OPERATE AT LOW OR MEDIUM VOLTAGE (UP TO 25KV) MANUFACTURER: S&C

Consult + Engineer + Commission © All Rights Reserved 23

Consult + Engineer + Commission © All Rights Reserved UPS TECHNOLOGY UPDATE 24 OFFLINE UPS CHANGES FOR INCREASED OPERATING EFFICIENCY CAPACITY UP TO 16MW PER SYSTEM IMPROVED FIRMWARE CAN ACCOMMODATE WET CELL OR VRLA BATTERIES CAN ACCOMMODATE UP TO 20 MINUTES BATTERY OPERATION AT FULL LOAD CAN BE INSTALLED INDOORS OR OUT DOORS CAN UTILIZE METAL-ENCLOSED OR METAL-CLAD SWITCHGEAR DISTRIBUTED OR SYSTEM STATIC BYPASS SWITCH

Consult + Engineer + Commission © All Rights Reserved 25 OFFLINE UPS OPERATING EFFICIENCY TYPICALLY 98%-99% AT ALL LOADS THE FLEAS THAT COME WITH THE DOG, PART 5 SOME TRANSIENTS COULD GET THROUGH BEFORE THE UPS CAN REACT

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