BY: BRETT SLAJUS Particle Physics

Standard Model of Elementary Particles Three Generations of Matter (Fermions)

The Standard Model Electromagnetic, weak, and strong forces Dark matter, full theory of gravitation, Higgs boson Fermions Bosons

Quarks Hadrons Protons and Neutrons Baryons and Mesons Color Confinement Flavour

Quark Types J = Total Angular momentum B = Baryon Number Q= Electric Charge Iз = Isospin (Truth) (Beauty) C = Charm S = Strangeness T = Topness B’ = Bottomness

Baryons Instability Fields they interact with There are 9 main Baryons and then variations on some.  Lambda particle typically can have either a Strange or a Down Quark along with a Up and Down Quark (so its charge is 0). But, it can also exist with a Charm or Top Quark (though it will decay quicker). The 3 most common types of quarks are Up, Down, and Strange. The other 3 exist, but are much more rare.

Some Baryon Quark Types Proton = 2 Up Quarks + 1 Down Quark  Charge = 2 (+2/3) + 1 (-1/3) = +1 Neutron = 1 Up Quark + 2 Down Quarks  Charge = 1 (+2/3) + 2(-1/3) = 0 Lambda = 1 Up Quark + 1 Down Quark + 1 Charm or Strange or Top or Bottom Quark  Charge Strange Lambda = 1 (+2/3) + 2 (-1/3) = 0 Other types: Sigma, Xi, Omega

Anitquarks Antiparticles Magnitude and charge Symbols u = up quark u = antiup quark

Mesons Quark and an anti-quark. Pions are the lightest known Meson and have no isospin. Like Baryons, there are many derivations of the same meson, but just with different types of particles. Strong, weak and electromagnetic forces

Some Meson Quark Types Pion = 1 Up Quark + 1 Anti-Down Quark  Charge = 1 (+2/3) + 1 (+1/3) = +1 Kaon = 1 Strange Quark + 1 Anti-Up or Anti-Down Quark  (Anti-Up) Charge = 1 (-1/3) + 1 (-2/3) = -1 Other examples of Mesons: Eta, D Meson, and B Meson.

Color Charge Not actual colors Symbolic Form a “colorless” mass Color Confinement Anti Colors Quark Colors Anti-Quark Colors

Leptons Sub atomic particle Electron 3 Generations Forces – Weak, Electromagnetic, Gravitational

Neutrinos Charge Not faster than the speed of light… 3 forms Forces affected by How they are made

Lepton Properties

Antileptons Like Quarks, there is an antiparticle version of Leptons. They are Antileptons. (Clever names.) Magnitudes and Signs Neutrino theories Positron

Atoms & Exotic Atoms Standard Atom formation Exotic Atom substitutions Effects on size, mass and shape of atom structure

Onium Type of Exotic Atom What is an Onium? Electron + Positron = ____ (Not stable, however, but it still counts for a brief moment in time (Explanation on next slide for parenthetical commentary)) Mesons and Onium Size of Onium

Positron Annihilation Positron + Electron = 2 Gamma Rays Positron Annihilation is used in PET (Positron Emission)  Brain Mapping  Isotopes

PET Scan

Gauge Bosons They’re particles too! Photons Gluons Z and W

Gluon Strong force Vector boson Colors and Anti- Colors

Photons Electro magnetic force Vector boson too Advancements in lasers, photochemistry, Bose- Einstein condensation research, high resolution microscopy, lasers, and measuring molecular distances.

W and Z Bosons Actually three Weak Particles The W stands for “Weak” The W’s are positively and negatively charged whereas the Z particle is neutral (Zero charge) What the Ws do  Mediators of neutrino absorption and emission What the Zs do  Only when neutrinos scatter elastically

W and Z Bosons continued They have mass while the others don’t due to Higgs Mechanics. This is because they have electroweak interactions, which is the combination of weak and electromagnetism. W’ and Z’ Bosons

Graviton & Higgs Boson Mediate force of Gravitation Standard Model Theory It would have no mass nor a charge, but a spin of 2. This is because of the stress-energy tensor which is the source of the gravitational field of an object. “God Particle” Reason for mass Hasn’t been discovered, only thoerized Would fill all places in space where there is neither matter nor anti- matter nor dark matter

The End