Nuclear Fusion - SAMI 2010. Introduction “Every time you look up at the sky, every one of those points of light is a reminder that fusion power is extractable.

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Presentation transcript:

Nuclear Fusion - SAMI 2010

Introduction “Every time you look up at the sky, every one of those points of light is a reminder that fusion power is extractable from hydrogen and other light elements” -Carl Sagan, 1991

Background Fusion Basics

Nuclear Power Nuclear fission –Where heavy atoms, such as uranium, are split apart releasing energy that holds the atom together Nuclear fusion –Where light atoms, such as hydrogen, are joined together to release energy

The fuel of fusion

Even though the nuclear force is much stronger than the electromagnetic one, the RANGE of the nuclear one is much smaller. Range of Electromagnetic force Range of nuclear force nucleus

These don’t get close enough to fuse together!

These get close enough to fuse together!

States of Matter Plasma is sometimes referred to as the fourth state of matter

Plasma Atoms In plasma the electrons are stripped away from the nucleus Like charges repel –Examples of plasma on earth: Fluorescent lights Lightning Neon signs

Typical Plasmas Neon Signs Thermonuclear Lightning Fluorescent Lights

Plasma makes up the sun and the stars

Characteristics of Typical Plasmas

HOW FUSION REACTIONS WORK

P-P Fusion Reaction "P-P": Solar Fusion Chain

Inexhaustible Energy Supply Deuterium –Constitutes a small percentage of the hydrogen in water Separated by electrolysis 1 barrel (42 gallons) water = ¾ oz. D = 32,000 gallons of oil Tritium –n + Li T + He –Lithium is plentiful Earth’s crust Oceans –Savannah, Georgia –Canada, Europe, Japan

D-T Fusion Reactions D + T => He-4 + n

An enormous payoff The fraction of “lost” mass when H fuses into He is 38 parts out of 10,000 This lost mass is converted into energy The energy released from 1 gram of DT = the energy from about 2400 gallons of oil

Energy-Releasing Reactions ChemicalFissionFusion Sample Reaction C + O 2 -> CO 2 n + U-235 -> Ba Kr nH-2 + H-3 -> He-4 + n Typical Inputs (to Power Plant) Bituminous Coal UO 2 (3% U % U-238)Deuterium & Lithium Typical Reaction Temp. (K) Energy Released per kg of Fuel (J/kg) 3.3 x x x 10 14

E=mc 2 Einstein’s equation that equates energy and mass –E= energy –M= mass –C= speed of light (3 x 10 8 m/sec) –Mass “lost “ in fusion is converted to energy

Plasma Confinement & Heating Magnetic Electromagnetic Waves Ohmic Heating (by electric currents) Neutral Particle Beams (atomic hydrogen) Compression (by magnetic fields) Fusion Reactions (primarily D+T) Tokamak Schematic Laser-beam-driven Fusion Inertial Compression (implosion driven by laser or ion beams, or by X-rays from laser or ion beams) Fusion Reactions (primarily D+T) Gravity Compression (gravity) Fusion Reactions (such as the p-p chain) Stars & Galaxies

Fusion By Magnetic Confinement

NOVA Machine- Inertial Confinement

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