Chapter 19 Radioactivity and Nuclear Energy

EXIT The Nucleus and Chemistry The chemistry of an atom is determined by the number and arrangement of its electrons, the properties of the nucleus do not strongly affect the chemical behavior of an atom. Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.2

EXIT The Size of the Nucleus Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.3

EXIT Parts of the Atom Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.4

EXITRadioactive Radioactive; Atoms with nuclei that spontaneously decompose, forming a different nucleus and producing one or more particles. Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.5

EXIT What is ALPHA radiation? Alpha Radiation is when the nucleus loses two protons and two neutrons. Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.6

EXIT How do you figure out the new element using the periodic table? Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved U  α + _______________

EXIT Instant Question #1 Which of the illustrations below depicts an alpha particle? 8

EXIT Instant Question #2 If the isotope phosphourous-32 loses a alpha particle it becomes ____________ A. phosphorous – 30 B phosphorous – 28 C. aluminum – 30 D. aluminum– 28 9

EXIT Instant Question #3 Which direction and how far is the new element when iron-56 loses an alpha particle? 56 Fe  α + __ 10

EXIT What is a Neutron? It is a proton and electron fussed together Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.11

EXIT Beta Radiation What if the neutron released the electron? Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.12

EXIT Beta, One Right Move! If Na-24 loses a beta particle Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.13

EXIT What is Beta radiation? Beta radiation is a stream of electrons being given off by an element as neutrons turn into protons. Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.14

EXIT Can they penetrate living matter? Beta particles are able to penetrate living matter to a certain extent. They interact with the skin but remember the outer layer of skin is dead anyway. The real danger is breathing it in. Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.15

EXIT Instant Question # 4 True or False: Beta radiation can travel for hundreds of miles. Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.16

EXIT Instant Question # 5 True or False: Beta radiation is more penetrating than alpha. Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.17

EXIT Instant Question # 6 When a neutron emits beta radiation it becomes a: A. PositronB. Proton C. Atom D. Ion Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.18

EXIT Beta particles can be used to treat health conditions such as eye and bone cancer Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.19

EXIT What is Gamma Radiation? Gamma radiation is high energy waves that are produced with fission reactions or other high energy nuclear decays. They are similar to X-rays. Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.20

EXITSummary Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.21

EXIT Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.22 The decay series of Uranium.

EXIT Discussion: HALF LIFE Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.23

EXIT Penetrating Power of Radiation

EXIT HALF LIFE is the period of time it takes for a substance undergoing decay to decrease by half. Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.25

EXIT Suppose you start with 64 grams of radium-223 Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.26

EXIT HALF LIFE Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.27

EXIT Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.28 Quiz #1 – 3 Match the names with the symbols 1. Alpha radiation 2. Beta radiation 3. Gamma radiation

EXIT Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.29 Quiz # 4 and 5 Identify the missing particles

EXIT Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.30 Quiz # 6 If an isotope of iron gave off a beta particle, it would: A. Turn into Manganese B. Turn into Chromium C. Turn into Cobalt D. Remain iron but have a different atomic number

EXIT Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.31 Quiz # 7 If an isotope of iron gave off a alpha particle, it would: A. Turn into Manganese B. Turn into Chromium C. Turn into Cobalt D. Remain iron but have a different atomic number

EXIT Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.32 Quiz # 8 Put these types of radiation in order of least penetrating to most. a. Alpha Beta Gamma b. Beta Gamma Alpha c. Beta Alpha Gamma d. Gamma Beta Alpha

EXIT Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.33 Which number on the graph represents the time needed for ½ of the isotope to decay? # 9

EXIT Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.34 Quiz # 10 Which equation represents a nuclear reaction? A. CO 2 + H 2 O  H 2 CO 3 B. Fe  Fe e C. 39 K  39 Ca + e D. 2H + + O 2-  H 2 O

EXIT NUCLEAR POWER 35

EXIT Where do we get Uranium? From the earth. It is mined like iron or copper. Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.36

EXIT Getting it out of the ground It isn’t extremely difficult to obtain but it isn’t easy either. You have to have big trucks big machines and big money. It occurs naturally in low concentrations 3-4 PPM. About a teaspoon for ore the size of my desk. Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.37

EXIT Ranger Uranium Mine Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.38

EXIT Is it dangerous? It is a natural poison but it is only weakly radioactive. It decays by beta emission. Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.39

EXIT Can Uranium safe enough to pick up with your hands? Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.40

EXIT What are the isotopes of uranium? The 235. When hit with a neutron, 235 splits into two atoms and gives off 3 more neutrons. 41

EXIT Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.42 Figure 19.4: Unstable nucleus.

EXIT Remember the nucleus is very small Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.43

EXIT Critical Mass A critical mass is the smallest amount of uranium-235 needed for a sustained nuclear reaction. Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.44

EXIT Size, Shape, Surroundings Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.45

EXIT Separating the isotopes Separating isotopes is like separating twins. It is difficult to tell them apart. Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.46

EXIT Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.47

EXIT Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.48 Figure 19.4: Unstable nucleus.

EXIT Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.49

EXIT Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.50 Figure 19.6: Diagram of a nuclear power plant.

EXIT Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.51

EXIT Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.52

EXIT Harry K. Daghlian, Jr. Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.53 Dose 5.1 Sieverts He died 25 days later. This Is his hand after nine days. As he was moving the brick over the assembly, counters alerted him to the fact that the addition of this brick would render the system supercritical. As he withdrew his hand, he accidentally dropped the brick onto the assembly.supercritical

EXIT Louis Slotin Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.54 On May 21, 1946, Slotin accidentally began a fission reaction

EXIT Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.55

EXIT Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.56

EXIT Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.57

EXIT Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.58 white-tailed deer tongues harvested over 50 miles from the reactor subsequent to the accident were found to have significantly higher levels of Cs-137 than was found in deer in the counties immediately surrounding the power plant. However, the elevated levels were still below those seen in deer in other parts of the country during the height of atmospheric weapons testing

EXIT Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.59

EXIT Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.60 Figure 19.7: Schematic of the reactor core.

EXIT Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.61 Figure 19.9: Diagram for the tentative plan for deep underground isolation of nuclear waste.

EXIT Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.62

EXIT Copyright © by McDougal Littell. All rights reserved.63