Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 17 Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Functional Age Actual competence and performance May not match chronological age Senior Lifestyles

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Life Expectancy Increasing in the United States lower infant mortality lower infant mortality lower adult deaths lower adult deaths Variations due to heredity, environment women live longer women live longer SES SES ethnicity ethnicity nationality nationality

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Average Healthy Life Expectancy at Birth Figure 17.1

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Life Expectancy in Developed Nations Japan ranks first. low rates of obesity, heart disease low rates of obesity, heart disease favorable health-care policies favorable health-care policies U.S. lags due to health care and lifestyles. but elderly are fastest-growing group but elderly are fastest-growing group 18% of population by % of population by 2025 Developing nations: age 50

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Quality of Life Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) basic self-care tasks basic self-care tasks bathing, dressing, eating bathing, dressing, eating Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) conducting business of everyday life conducting business of everyday life require cognitive competence require cognitive competence shopping, food preparation, housekeeping shopping, food preparation, housekeeping

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Maximum Lifespan Average is age 85. varies between age 70 to 100 varies between age 70 to 100 centenarians increasing in industrialized world centenarians increasing in industrialized world more female centenarians more female centenarians Some scientists believe upper limit not yet reached Question: Should lifespan be extended? Question: Should lifespan be extended? quality of life is goal quality of life is goal

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Factors in a Long Life HeredityEnvironment/Lifestyle healthy diet, normal weight healthy diet, normal weight exercise exercise low substance use low substance use optimism optimism low stress low stress social support social support community involvement community involvement learning learning Senior Lifestyles

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Aging and the Nervous System Loss of brain weight accelerates after age 60. Neurons lost in frontal lobes, corpus callosum, cerebellum (balance), glial cells Autonomic nervous system less efficient Brain can compensate new fibers, neurons new fibers, neurons new connections new connections use more parts of brain use more parts of brain

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Visual Impairments and Aging Lower visual acuity Poor dark adaptation, sensitivity to glare Decreased color, depth perception Cataracts Macular degeneration Senior Lifestyles

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Aging and Visual and Hearing Impairments Figure 17.2

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Effects of Sensory Changes Vision problems Changes in leisure activities Changes in leisure activities Loss of self-confidence Loss of self-confidence Possible problems in daily activities Possible problems in daily activities Hearing loss Social isolation Social isolation Lower self-efficacy Lower self-efficacy Lower safety and enjoyment Lower safety and enjoyment Decreased taste and smell Nutritional, safety risks Nutritional, safety risks Less sensitive to touch Difficulties with leisure, daily activities Difficulties with leisure, daily activities

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Aging Systems of the Body Cardiovascular/Respiratory heartbeat less forceful; slower heart rate, blood flow heartbeat less forceful; slower heart rate, blood flow vital lung capacity cut by half vital lung capacity cut by half less oxygen to tissues less oxygen to tissuesImmune effectiveness declines effectiveness declines more infectious, autoimmune diseases more infectious, autoimmune diseases stress-related susceptibility stress-related susceptibility Healthy diet, exercise helps

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Sleep and Aging Need less sleep Earlier bedtime and wake-up More difficulties insomnia insomnia nighttime waking nighttime waking sleep apnea sleep apnea restless legs restless legs

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Physical Appearance and Mobility Skin thinner, wrinkled, spotted Ears, nose, teeth, and hair change Lose height and weight after age 60 Muscle strength declines 10–20% by ages 60 to 70 30–50% by ages 70 to 80 Bone strength drops Less flexibility Senior Lifestyles

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Adapting to Physical Changes of Aging Multidimensional appearance versus functioning Effective coping strategies prevention compensation problem-centered coping Assistive technology “Smart designs” homes Senior Lifestyles

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Stereotypes of Aging Many assume deterioration is inevitable. elders experience prejudice, discrimination elders experience prejudice, discrimination assumptions affected by culture assumptions affected by culture Stereotype threat fear of confirming stereotype reduces functioning fear of confirming stereotype reduces functioning May be changing positive media portrayals positive media portrayals source of pride in some cultures source of pride in some cultures Many assume deterioration is inevitable. elders experience prejudice, discrimination elders experience prejudice, discrimination assumptions affected by culture assumptions affected by culture Stereotype threat fear of confirming stereotype reduces functioning fear of confirming stereotype reduces functioning May be changing positive media portrayals positive media portrayals source of pride in some cultures source of pride in some cultures

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Aging and Perceptions of Health Figure 17.3

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Factors in Good Health and Aging OptimismSelf-efficacySESEthnicitySexNutritionExercise Senior Lifestyles

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Nutrition in Late Adulthood Need extra nutrients protect bones, immune system fight free radicals Problems eating appetite, taste changes chewing, digestion shopping, cooking Supplements, diet changes may help Senior Lifestyles

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exercise in Late Adulthood Continued exercise best, but never too late Benefits physical capacities physical capacities brain function brain function self-esteem self-esteemBarriers unaware of benefits unaware of benefits discomforts discomforts Senior Lifestyles

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Sexuality in Late Adulthood Still important less desire and frequency; fewer male partners for women less desire and frequency; fewer male partners for women married couples: regular, enjoyable sex married couples: regular, enjoyable sex Continue patterns from earlier years Enjoy activities other than intercourse men sometimes stop all activities if erection problems men sometimes stop all activities if erection problems Cultural influences disapproval in Western cultures disapproval in Western cultures

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Primary and Secondary Aging Primary Genetically influenced declines Affects all members of species Even happens if health is good Secondary Declines due to heredity and environment Effects individualized major contributor to frailty Illnesses and disabilities arthritis diabetes injuries mental disabilities

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Arthritis Osteoarthritis Deteriorating cartilage in frequently used joints Common, related to wear and tear Rheumatoid Arthritis Autoimmune response, affects whole body Inflamed connective tissues membranes in joints Cartilage grows can deform joints lost mobility

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Adult-Onset Diabetes Too little insulin or cells insensitive to insulin Increases in late adulthood genetics genetics inactivity, abdominal fat inactivity, abdominal fat Risk of long-term damage circulatory system circulatory system eyes, kidneys, nerves eyes, kidneys, nerves brain brainTreatment diet diet exercise exercise weight loss weight loss

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Accidents in Late Adulthood Motor vehicle vision problems, slower reactions vision problems, slower reactionsFalls vision, balance, strength problems vision, balance, strength problems risk of hip fracture risk of hip fracture limits mobility, social contact limits mobility, social contactPrevention reduce driving, retrain reduce driving, retrain exercise, use walking aids exercise, use walking aids redesign of cars, streets, signs, structures redesign of cars, streets, signs, structures

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Leading Causes of Death Ages 65 and Older Figure 17.5

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Mental Disabilities in Late Adulthood Dementia – thought and behavior impairments that disrupt everyday life Parkinson’s disease Alzheimer’s disease Cerebrovascular dementia strokes Misdiagnosis, reversible dementia depression medication side effects Senior Lifestyles

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Alzheimer’s Disease Incidence Higher with age – about 45% over age 85 Higher with age – about 45% over age 85 Symptoms Forgetting, disorientation, personality change, depression, motor problems, delusions, speech problems, infections Brain changes Neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid plaques in cerebral cortex, synapse deterioration Risk factors Genetic predispositions Genetic predispositions High-fat diet High-fat diet Lifestyle factors Lifestyle factors Protective factors Education, active lifestyle Education, active lifestyle Mediterranean diet Mediterranean diet Active social life Active social life

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Help for Caregivers of Elders with Dementia Knowledge about the diseases, available resources about the diseases, available resources Coping strategies Caregiving skills Respite at least twice a week at least twice a week Video Respite Video Respite ©Orange Line Media/Dreamstime.com

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Long-Term Care in Late Adulthood More with advanced age severe disorders loss of support network Varies by SES, ethnic group Alternatives home care by family publicly funded help home care professionals assisted living Senior Lifestyles

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Selective Optimization with Compensation Select choose personally valued activities, avoid othersOptimize devote diminishing resources to valued activitiesCompensate find creative ways to overcome limitations ©Aquasnail/Dreamstime.com

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Personal Goal Orientation in Younger/Older Adults Figure 17.6

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Deliberate versus Automatic Memory Deliberate Recall more difficult context helps retrieval, but slower processing, smaller working memory make context harder to encode context helps retrieval, but slower processing, smaller working memory make context harder to encode Automatic Recognition easier than recall more environmental support Implicit memory better than deliberate memory without conscious awareness depends on familiarity

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Associative Memory Declines in Late Adulthood Difficulty in creating or retrieving links between pieces of information Difficulty in creating or retrieving links between pieces of information Using memory cues, enhancing meaningfulness of information, can help Using memory cues, enhancing meaningfulness of information, can help Figure 17.7

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Remote and Prospective Memory Remote Very long-term recall Very long-term recall Autobiographical memory Autobiographical memory Prospective Remembering to engage in planned actions Remembering to engage in planned actions Event-based easier than time-based Event-based easier than time-based Use reminders, repetition to help Use reminders, repetition to help

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Aging and Autobiographical Memories Figure 17.8

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Language Processing in Late Adulthood Comprehension changes very little Problems retrieving specific words tip-of-the-tongue state tip-of-the-tongue state use more pronouns, pauses in speech use more pronouns, pauses in speech Problems planning what to say hesitations, false starts, repetition, sentence fragments hesitations, false starts, repetition, sentence fragments statements less organized statements less organizedCompensation simpler grammar, more sentences, gist simpler grammar, more sentences, gist symbolic interpretation symbolic interpretation

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Problem Solving in Late Adulthood Real problems family relations family relations managing daily living activities managing daily living activities Extend strategies from middle adulthood avoid interpersonal conflicts avoid interpersonal conflicts use experience to decide quickly when can use experience to decide quickly when can consult others consult others collaborate collaborate

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Wisdom Depth and breadth of practical knowledge Depth and breadth of practical knowledge Reflect on knowledge Reflect on knowledge Apply knowledge to improve life Apply knowledge to improve life Listening and evaluating Listening and evaluating Advice Advice Altruistic creativity Altruistic creativity Senior Lifestyles

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. What Contributes to Wisdom? Life experience Age is no guarantee combined with life experience, it helps combined with life experience, it helps Human service training, practice Leadership experience Overcoming adversity

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Factors Related to Cognitive Change Mentally active life education, stimulating leisure, education, stimulating leisure, social participation, flexibility HealthRetirement Distance to death terminal decline terminal decline Cognitive interventions ADEPT, ACTIVE ADEPT, ACTIVE Senior Lifestyles

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Lifelong Learning Educational participation increasing Elderhostel Elderhostel college courses college courses community classes, centers community classes, centers Many benefits new facts, ideas new facts, ideas new friends new friends broader world perspective broader world perspective improved self-image improved self-image Senior Lifestyles