DE-SEGREGATION  Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 Separate but equal  Developing Civil Rights Movement WWII Armed Forces  NAACP Thurgood Marshall  Brown v. Board of Education 1954

REACTION TO BROWN  Resistance to School Desegregation KKK Crisis in Little Rock  Bus Boycott Rosa Parks Martin Luther King  Sit-ins and “soul force” SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference) SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee)

FREEDOM RIDERS  New Volunteers for Civil Rights Movement  Federal Marshals arrive  Integration of Ole Miss James Meredith  Birmingham  Kennedy focuses on problems at home Takes a stand for Civil Rights

Letter from Birmingham Jail “ Nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis and foster such a tension that a community which has constantly refused to negotiate is forced to confront the issue. It seeks to so dramatize the issue that it can no longer be ignored... But I must confess that I am not afraid of the word "tension." I have earnestly opposed violent tension, but there is a type of constructive, nonviolent tension which is necessary for growth.” -Martin Luther King Jr.

“I Have a Dream”  March in Washington Dream of equality  Civil Rights Act 1964 Outlawed major forms of discrimination, including racial segregation

Fighting for Voting Rights  Freedom Summer  Mississippi Burning  New political party in the South Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) Fannie Lou Hamer  Selma Campaign  Voting Rights Act of 1965 Gave Federal government authority over state elections

MISSISSIPPI BURNING

Pop Quiz 1. Who were the Freedom Riders? 2. What did they do? 3. What year did their journey take place? 4. What was the meaning behind the Civil Rights Act of 1964? 5. What was Freedom Summer? ~*Bonus*~ - Summarize the FBI case Mississippi Burning

TYPES OF SEGREGATION  de facto segregation Exists by practice and custom ○ Can be harder to fight because requires changing peoples attitudes  de jure segregation Segregation by law ○ Easier because it requires repealing a law not attitude

MALCOLM X  Malcolm X  Nation of Islam

BLACK POWER  Ballots or Bullets violence may be necessary  Black Power Stokely Carmichael  Black Panthers Huey Newton “We shall overcome” “We Shall Overrun”

1968  April 4, 1968 James Earl Ray Assassinated Martin Luther King  Robert Kennedy’s plea for non violence Led to worst urban rioting in U.S. History RFK Assassinated

URBAN VIOLENCE  Riots  Clashes  Bombings

4 LITTLE GIRLS

CIVIL RIGHTS TIMELINE  1948/Truman de-segregates Armed Forces  1954/Brown v. Board of Education  1955/Montgomery Bus Boycott  1957/Little Rock Nine  1960/SNCC sit-ins  1961/Freedom Riders  1963/March on Washington  1964/Civil Rights Act

CIVIL RIGHTS TIMELINE  1964/Freedom Summer  1964/Mississippi Burning  1965/Voting Rights Act  1965/LBJ takes on the KKK  1965/Assassination of Malcolm X  1968/Assassination of MLK

LATINOS AND NATIVE AMERICANS SEEK EQUALITY  United Farm Workers Cesar Chavez believed that farm workers needed to unionize ○ Created this association to give strength to the group through collective bargaining Believed in using non violence (boycotts)  “Brown Power”

AMERICAN INDIAN MOVEMENT  Eisenhower: “termination” policy Assimilation Ben Nighthorse Campbell  Johnson: National Council on Indian Opportunity  Reform was to slow… Originally a self-defense group against police brutality. Eventually branched out to protecting rights

INDIAN RESERVATIONS

WOMEN’S EQUALITY  19 th Amendment: 1920, women can vote  Feminism: the belief that women should have economic, political, and social equality with men.  In women including Betty Friedan founded the National Organization for Women (NOW)

 In 1969, a journalist and political activist Gloria Steinem joined the feminist movement  She founded the National Women’s Party Caucus  In 1972 she founded and wrote for Ms. (Women’s Magazine)

EQUAL RIGHTS AMENDMENT  Men and women would both enjoy the same rights and protections under the law.  Proposed by Congress; not ratified by the states