materials science the hybrid science chem • physics • bio • nano April 01, 2011 • Three Rivers Community College materials science the hybrid science chem • physics • bio • nano wings, feathers, bubbles, thin films … what do these things have in common? Jacquelynn Garofano • CRISP www.crisp.yale.edu CENTER FOR RESEARCH ON INTERFACE STRUCTURES & PHENOMENA NSF Materials Research Science and Engineering Center

structure • properties • characterization processing • performance Materials Science structure • properties • characterization processing • performance Jr Laser Camp• Three Rivers Community College • April 01, 2011

Jr Laser Camp• Three Rivers Community College • April 01, 2011 MAKING STUFF Series Each episode focuses on a current, overarching aspect of materials science research www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/tech/making-stuff.html STRONGER SMALLER CLEANER SMARTER Jan 19 Jan 26 Feb 02 Feb 09 Jr Laser Camp• Three Rivers Community College • April 01, 2011

Let’s get some perspective The scale of things … Jr Laser Camp• Three Rivers Community College • April 01, 2011

Jr Laser Camp• Three Rivers Community College • April 01, 2011 Macroscale [100 to 10-3 m] Centimeter [1 cm = 10-2 m] Millimeter [1 mm = 10-3 m] Meter [1 m = 100 m] Jr Laser Camp• Three Rivers Community College • April 01, 2011

Jr Laser Camp• Three Rivers Community College • April 01, 2011 Microscale [1 μm = 10-6 m] Human hair 50 – 80 μm Red blood cells < 8 μm 1 μm = one-millionth of a meter Jr Laser Camp• Three Rivers Community College • April 01, 2011

Jr Laser Camp• Three Rivers Community College • April 01, 2011 Nanoscale [1 nm = 10-9 m] Virus < 50 nm DNA = 2.5 nm thick 1 nm = one-billionth of a meter Jr Laser Camp• Three Rivers Community College • April 01, 2011

1 Å = 0.1 nm = one ten-billionth of a meter Angstrom [1 Å = 10-10 m] Atom = 0.1 – 0.3 nm AFM image: 48 iron (Fe) atoms in a circle onto the surface of gold (Au) 1 Å = 0.1 nm = one ten-billionth of a meter Jr Laser Camp• Three Rivers Community College • April 01, 2011

Nanoscale Properties What’s unique about material properties the nanoscale? The structure at nanoscale gives rise to properties, i.e. macroscale behavior 9 Jr Laser Camp• Three Rivers Community College • April 01, 2011

Jr Laser Camp• Three Rivers Community College • April 01, 2011 Iridescence Abalone shells have three constituents that work synergistically to bring about its extraordinary toughness: bumps, glue, and bridges. Bumps called asperities cover the surface of the shell's main building material—layers of calcium carbonate or, in layman's terms, chalk (seen here). The bumps forestall any slippage of the layers when force is applied. Between these bumpy layers lie the other two key elements: a glue made of spring-like proteins that acts as a shock absorber, and tiny mineral bridges that connect the layers and are thought to add support. Blue morpho Abalone shell The wings are made up of tiny scales that are comprised of even smaller ridges that causes interference of light. Although the shell is only a few mm thick, it’s made of ~15,000+ layers of nm thin plates of mineral. Jr Laser Camp• Three Rivers Community College • April 01, 2011

Pigment v Nanostructure Jr Laser Camp• Three Rivers Community College • April 01, 2011

Peacock feathers Is the color due to pigment or structure? How can we tell? Jr Laser Camp• Three Rivers Community College • April 01, 2011

Jr Laser Camp• Three Rivers Community College • April 01, 2011 Thin films The nanostructures of iridescent feathers, shells, and wings are within the UV size range (400 – 700 nm); as are thin films. Jr Laser Camp• Three Rivers Community College • April 01, 2011

Jr Laser Camp• Three Rivers Community College • April 01, 2011 Soap bubbles 1 cup of water, 2 Tablespoons of glycerin, 4 Tablespoons of dish soap Iridescent colors are observed due to interference of light rays; thickness Jr Laser Camp• Three Rivers Community College • April 01, 2011

Optical interference Thin film interference is CONSTRUCTIVE CONSTRUCTIVE interference DESTRUCTIVE interference Thin film interference is CONSTRUCTIVE Jr Laser Camp• Three Rivers Community College • April 01, 2011

Jr Laser Camp• Three Rivers Community College • April 01, 2011 Bulk to thin film [1] http://www.sikod.com/photo/albums/relatedindustry/solar/globalsolar.jpg [2] http://emat-solar.lbl.gov/images/InGaN_Solar.gif  thin films deposited on flexible (polymer) sheets is advantageous for artichitural design Jr Laser Camp• Three Rivers Community College • April 01, 2011

Jr Laser Camp• Three Rivers Community College • April 01, 2011 Take Aways The way a material behaves on the macroscale is affected by its structure on the nanoscale The thin film reflects light differently depending on how thick it is, so you see different colors Scientists and engineers are trying to make new materials/devices with new technologies Jr Laser Camp• Three Rivers Community College • April 01, 2011