AKNOWLEDGING YOUR SOURCES BY: DR MIKE KURIA UPDATED 21 st Feb 2014 FROM: The Publication Manual Of The American Psychological ASSOCIATION (SIXTH EDITION)

BASIC STRUCTURE OF ACADEMIC PAPERS AT DAYSTAR Front page –University details –Topic –Submission details –Time The paper itself- the argument –Has to have in text reference (Parenthetical Reference- PR) –Using surname, year and page –Full paragraphs in prose Reference list (RL) –appears at the end of the text –In Alphabetical order- by surname

THE CONVINCING PAPER The power of evidence: –data –statistics –authority The power of logic: must have a basis –Why should we believe you? –Does it make sense NB: In both cases, supportive evidence may be required

CREDITING SOURCES Where did you get that? Information guide for your readers 1.In text : information provided in the body of your work 2.Reference List at the end of the paper following an agreed format 3.The agreed format in Daystar is APA (American Psychological Association) Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association 6 th Edition

APA: BASICS OF CITATIONS Author date system (in parenthesis) Should enable readers to locate the source of information in the reference list Each citation must appear in the ref list and vice versa: must be identical in spelling of author and date Reference list must be in alphabetical order Exceptions: the Bible, Quran and Personal communication- parenthetical info sufficient.

WHY WE HAVE TO GIVE CITATIONS Credit individuals whose ideas have influenced your writing through: Their theories Definitions Data that you have borrowed Facts and figures that are not common knowledge. To avoid plagiarism (ensure you keep an accurate record of all your sources(Author, date, title, place of publication, publisher, page where you got the article etc) Do not pass of ideas as if they were your own when they are not. Indicate your sources even if you: –Quote directly- verbatim –Paraphrase someone else’s ideas –Summarize someone else’s ideas To avoid self-plagiarism: presenting one’s own ideas presented elsewhere as if they were new.

DIRECT QUOATIONS: TEXTS How to indicate directly quoted material/evidence: “Words are picked word for word/verbatim”(Surname, year, p.) Always provide the author, year and page of source or paragraph for none paginated work. If quotation is less than 40 words, ingrain it as part of your prose, in your own sentences. Enclose the quotation with double quotation marks. –To indicate the source of the quoted material do the following: If quote comes in the middle of a sentence, use quotations marks and follow that with citation details immediately after the quotation marks and continue with the sentence End of sentence: end with double quotation marks, followed by citation in parenthesis and a period. –If quotation is more than 40 words: –Indent half an inch (same as new paragraph) and format it as a free standing block, block quotation. –Provide the citation details in parenthesis after the period in the block. –If quoting more than one paragraph, indicate that by indenting the first line of each paragraph in the block. –Do not use double quotation marks for block quotations, leave the double for the quote within the quote as in the original

Paraphrasing material –Provide author year and page- especially where that would help locate an idea.

DIRECT QUOTATIONS: ONLINE MATERIAL Direct quotations of online material without pagination. Provide author year and paragraph ( Jones, 2007, para 4) Where there are no paragraphs but headings, use the headings as guide and the paragraph following that heading (Smeets, 2008, discussion section, para 1) Where there is neither page nor paragraphs are visible and headings too long, use short title of the heading eg ( Golan, Kuchler & Krissof, 2007, “Mandatory labelling has targeted”, para 4.) NB: “Mandatory Labelling Has Targeted Information Gaps and Social Objectives” was the original heading

ACCURACY OF QUOTATIONS Ensure accuracy of quotations in the following areas: –Spelling –Punctuation –Grammar Emphasis (blocks, italics, bold etc) Use brackets to indicate material inserted but not original to the quotation eg your remarks, [emphasis mine] Use brackets to explicitly indicate any other changes that you make to the quotes. Use three spaced ellipsis points to indicate omission of words. Use four points if that comes at the end of the sentence. At the beginning and end of a sentence use the elipses if otherwise there would be confusion If you quote a section that also had references, quote it verbatim but you need not provide that in the reference list unless you have also made use of the same source.

CHANGES YOU CAN MAKE Capitalizing or lower casing a first letter Changing from single to double quotation marks or vice-versa Punctuation marks at the end of a sentence

PERMISSION TO QUOTE, REPRINT OR ADAPT Legitimate and fair use- acceptable in academics Too lengthy quotations- may need permissions –Borrowing whole tables and figures –Eg a whole poem/or work If in doubt check- it may depend on holder of copyright. Eg:APA –Maximum of three tables or figures from one journal –Quote of up to 400 words (block quotation) –Different quotations totaling less than 800 words from the same source NB: YOUR RESPONSIBILITY TO FIND OUT IF PERMISSION IS REQUIRED BY COPYRIGHT OWNER

NOTE One author- use surname and date Multiple authors: –use names of all authors up to five at first mention –Use first surname followed by et al. in subsequent quotes 6 or more authors –Cite the first surname followed by et al. –Cite as many as needed to differentiate citations where confusion is possible

Handling Parenthetical Citations Recently, the history of warfare has been significantly revised by Higonnet et al (1987), Marcus (1989), and Raitt and Tate (1997) to include women’s personal and cultural responses to battle and its resultant traumatic effects. Feminist researchers now concur that “It is no longer true to claim that women's responses to the war have been ignored” (Raitt & Tate, p. 2). Though these studies focus solely on women's experiences, they err by collectively perpetuating the masculine-centered impressions originating in Fussell (1975) and Bergonzi (1996). However, Tylee (1990) further criticizes Fussell, arguing that his study “treated memory and culture as if they belonged to a sphere beyond the existence of individuals or the control of institutions” (p. 6).

A SAMPLE REFERENCE PAGE

GENERAL REFERENCE FORMS

Assignment You should now do the following: 1.Decide on your topic 2.Construct a front page 3.Make a provisional thesis statement 4.Start reading and collecting biographical data for your in text citations and reference list