DO NOW: A typical cell of prochlorus has a diameter of about 1 µm. Euglena are unicellular organisms that are about 0.05 mm in length. How many procholorus.

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DO NOW: A typical cell of prochlorus has a diameter of about 1 µm. Euglena are unicellular organisms that are about 0.05 mm in length. How many procholorus cells in a straight line would be as long as an Euglenoid?

The Basics: Chloroplasts  STRUCTURE: A bean-shaped green organelle with lots of membranes inside.  FUNCTION: Photosynthesis (capture light energy to build carbohydrates) CO 2 + H 2 O + light  CH 2 O + O 2  ***PLANTS ONLY!!!

The Basics: Mitochondria  STRUCTURE: A bean-shaped organelle with lots of membranes inside.  FUNCTION: Cellular Respiration (break down food to get the energy) CO 2 + H 2 O + light  CH 2 O + O 2  ***All Eukaryotic cells, including plants

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts are Energy Converters  Mitochondria RELEASE the energy stored in food  Chloroplasts CAPTURE the energy of sunlight

Endosymbiosis  Endosymbiotic Theory: plastids (e.g. chloroplasts) and mitochondria are the descendents of once free-living prokaryotes that were internalized by a larger cell.

Evidence for Endosymbiosis  Chloroplasts and mitochondria have their own DNA and ribosomes for making their own proteins.  The DNA is similar to prokaryotes (circular), as are the ribosomes (70s vs. 80s)

Evidence for Endosymbiosis  Both mitochondria and plastids are surrounded by two membranes… and the innermost one is chemically similar to… bacteria

Lots of Other Evidence…  They divide by binary fission, like bacteria  Very different eukaryotic cells have similar plastids – a difficult coincidence to explain without endosymbiosis.  Cells cannot make new mitochondria or plastids if they are lost.  DNA homology shows mitochondria are similar to proteobacteria, and chloroplasts to cyannobacteria

What about human energy converters?  Humans have developed technology that allow us to release lots of energy originally captured by ancient chloroplasts.  In a chemical sense, a fossil-fuel electricity plant is like a mitochondria: it oxidizes carbon to CO 2 in order to make usable energy!