1 All notes and practice should be in the grammar section of your notebook.

2 A proper noun names a specific person, place or thing. Martha, March, English, Newell Hospital, Chevrolet, Greek, Clearview Middle School, President Washington, New Jersey PROPER NOUNS

3 A proper adjective describes a specific person, place or thing. English class, Newell Hospital, Chevrolet cars, Greek myths, Clearview Middle School, President Washington, Reese’s candy PROPER ADJECTIVES

4 RULE #1 Capitalize the first word of a sentence. Pioneers pushed the American frontier westward. Capitalizing sentences, quotations, and letter parts

5 RULE #2 Capitalize the first word of a direct quotation that is a complete sentence. Tyrone said, “The pioneers acted very bravely.”

6 RULE #3 When a quoted sentence is interrupted by explanatory words, such as “she said”, do not begin the second part of the sentence with a capital letter. “They left their homes,” said Lee, “so they could improve their lives.”

7 RULE #3 continued Even if the quotation has two parts, anything that follows an end punctuation mark, like a period, is capitalized. “Many pioneers went west for the rich farmland,” said Maria. “They also wanted to build new homes.”

8 RULE #4 Do not capitalize an indirect quotation. An indirect quotation does not repeat a person’s exact words and does not appear in quotation marks. It is often introduced by the word that. Tanya read that many pioneers traveled in Conestoga wagons.

9 RULE #5 Exercise 7, pp Capitalize the first word in the salutation and closing of a letter. Capitalize the title and name of the person addressed. Dear Mrs. Johnson, Dear friend, Yours truly,Sincerely,

10 Capitalizing people’s names and titles Rule #1 Capitalize the names of people and the initials that stand for their names. Meriwether Lewis Susan B. Anthony J. F. Cooper

11 Rule #2 Capitalize a title or an abbreviation of a title when it comes before a person’s name or when it is used instead of a name. General Lee Sen. John Glenn Mrs. Adams Did Lieutenant Clark say, “Yes, Captain, I’ll go with you’?

12 Rule #2 continued Do not capitalize a title that follows a person’s name or is used as a common noun. Clark himself was later promoted to captain. Thomas Jefferson, then president, planned the expedition.

13 Rule #3 Capitalize the names and abbreviations of academic degrees that follow a person’s name. Capitalize Jr. and Sr. Albert Schweitzer, M.D. Stephen Hawking, Ph.D. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

14 Rule #4 Capitalize words that show family relationships when used as titles or as substitutes for a person’s name. In 1960 Dad retraced the steps of Lewis and Clark. He was accompanied by Uncle Bill

15 Rule #4 continued Exercise 9, p. 376 **Do not capitalize words that show family relationships when they follow a possessive noun or pronoun. Sharon’s (Her) aunt Janet wrote an article about the trip. possessive noun Possessive pronoun

16 Rule #5 Always capitalize the pronoun I (I’d, I’ll, I’m). Lunch is the subject I like best. Ha!

17 Capitalize the names of cities, counties, states, countries, and continents. Capitalizing place names rule #1 Houston Japan IowaGloucester County Eurpoe

18 Capitalize the names of bodies of water and geographical features. Capitalizing place names rule #2 Mediterranean SeaGulf of Mexico Niagara FallsAtlantic Ocean

19 Capitalize the names of sections of the country. Capitalizing place names rule #3 MidwestNew England the Far West

20 Capitalize compass points when they refer to a specific section of the country. Capitalizing place names rule #4 the West Coastthe North the Southeast

21 Do not capitalize compass points when they indicate direction. Los Angeles is south of San Francisco. Do not capitalize adjectives derived from words indicating direction. easterly windwestern Texas Capitalizing place names rule #4 continued

22 Capitalize the names of streets and highways. Monroe StreetRoute 66 Mercury Boulevard Candy Avenue Capitalizing place names rule #5 continued

23 Capitalize the names of buildings, bridges, and monuments. Chrysler BuildingBrooklyn Bridge Washington Monument Capitalizing place names rule #6 continued

24 Capitalize the names of celestial bodies. Pluto North Star the Milky Way Earth (earth=dirt=land= soil) Capitalizing place names rule #7 continued Exercise 15, p

25 Capitalizing other proper nouns and adjectives Rule #1 Capitalize the names of clubs, organizations, businesses, institutions, and political parties. Data Corporation Boy Scouts Pepsi Bottling Corp.

26 Rule #2 Capitalize brand names but not the nouns following them. Jiff peanut butter Windex cleaning fluid

27 Rule #3 Exercise 5, p. 388 Capitalize the names of important historical events, periods of time, and documents. Battle of Yorktown Bronze Age Bill of Rights

28 Rule #4 Capitalize names of days of the week, months of the year, and holidays. Do not capitalize names of the seasons. Thursday April Memorial Day summer

29 Rule #5 Do exercise 17, p. 383 Do exercise 18, p. 384 all important words Capitalize the first word, the last word, and all important words in the title of a book, play, short story, poem, essay, article, film television series, song, magazine, newspaper, and chapter of a book. Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone “The Raven” The Help The Philadelphia Inquirer Is “Yes, Virginia, There Is a Santa Claus”

IMPORTANT WORDS SO, YOU CAPITALIZE IMPORTANT WORDS IN TITLES? What exactly does that mean? What makes one word more important than another? 30

Draw a house on your paper: 31

32 Rule #6 Capitalize the names of ethnic groups, nationalities, and languages. Asian Latino German Spanish English

33 Rule #7 Do exercise 17, p. 383 Do exercise 18, p. 384 Capitalize proper adjectives that are formed from the names of ethnic groups and nationalities. There are exceptions to the rule: Asian languages Italian food English authors french dressing china cabinet african violet