period 81 Chenezza Graham- A+ Networking Your Logo Here - Flash Memory, Thumb Drive - Flash Card, Compact Flash - Smart Media, Secure digital - Memory Stick - XD - Flash Memory, Thumb Drive - Flash Card, Compact Flash - Smart Media, Secure digital - Memory Stick - XD c

period 82 Flash Memory Invented by Dr.Fujio Masuoka, working for Toshiba in 1984 Flash memory : Does not need power to maintain the information stored in the chip. Offers fast read and better kinetic shock resistance than that of a hard disk. Enormously durable, Can withstand intense pressure Can handle extreme changes in temperature and immersion in water.

period 83 Flash Memory How it works: Flash programming occurs when electrons are placed on the floating gate. The charge is stored on the floating gate, with the oxide layer allowing the cell to be electrically erased through the source. It is a solid state storage device, meaning that it is electronic, instead of mechanical

period 84 Examples of Flash Memory Your computer's BIOS chip Compact Flash (most often found in digital cameras) Smart Media (most often found in digital cameras) Memory Stick (most often found in digital cameras) PCMCIA Type I and Type II memory cards (used as solid-state disks in laptops) Memory cards for video game consoles

period 85 Thumb Drive As known as USB drive,worked on since 1998 by IBM, it was first sold by Trek in early IT IS: A solution for replacing the less stable floppy disks The size of a human thumb it, is portable memory storage. It is re-written and holds its memory without the use of a power supply, unlike RAM. It can plug the drive into a computer and will not have to restart it.

period 86 Thumb Drive Problem: Security threat, as they are easily concealed proprietary information can be copied to them Software for hacking information can be uploaded from them, all undetected

period 87 Solution: System administrators can also upload anti- virus software to an infected computer from a thumb drive Their write speeds and read speeds only really come into play when users are running large applications from them. Most thumb drives also have millions of re- write cycles and will store data for ten years before they need replacing

period 88 Flash Card First specified and produced by Scan Disk in It is: A small module that contains flash memory Larger than other flash formats, they have become very popular for storage in digital cameras. Appearing to the camera as a hard disk, Compact Flash uses the PC Card/ATA interface, but with 50 pins instead of 68

period 89 Compact Flash Continued Weigh a half ounce and are the size of a matchbook. Ideal for a range of current and next- generation, small-form factor consumer applications. The physical format is now used for a variety of devices.

period 810 Capacities and compatibility As of 2007, Compact Flash cards are generally available in capacities from about 512 MB to about 64 GB, with perhaps the most popular choices in Europe and North America being between 512 MB and 8 GB. Lower capacity cards, below 512 MB, are becoming rare in stores as higher capacity cards are readily

period 811 Smart Media Launched in the summer of 1995 to compete with Mini Card, Compact Flash, and PC card formats. Consists of a single NAND flash chip embedded in a thin plastic card (though some higher capacity cards contain multiple, linked chips). It was one of the smallest and the thinnest (0.76 mm) of the early memory cards, and managed to maintain a favorable cost ratio as compared to the others.

period 812 Specifications Weight: 2 g Size: 45.0 × 37.0 × 0.76 mm Capacities: 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 MB Uses 16-M bit, 32-M bit, and 64-M bit Toshiba TC58-compatible NAND-type flash memory chips Flat electrode terminal with 22 pins — (32M & 64M compatible) 8-bit I?/O Interface (16-bit in some cases)

period 813 Continued Data transfer rate: 2MB/s 1,000,000 read/write cycles Ten year storage time without power Metallic write-protect sticker Compatible with PCMIA with an adapter Compatible with Compact Flash Type II with an adapter Compatible 3.5" Floppy drive using Flash Path adapter

period 814 Secure Digital A tiny memory card used to make storage portable among various devices Examples: Car navigation systems Cellular phones E-Books PDAs Smart phones, digital cameras, music players, camcorders, and personal computers

period 815 Secure Digital Continued It uses flash memory to provide nonvolatile storage, which means that a power source is not required to retain stored data, as stated previously SD cards are more rugged than traditional storage media. They have an operating shock rating of 2,000 Gs, compared to a G rating for the mechanical drive of the typical portable computing device. SD cards use metal connector contacts, instead of the traditional pins-and-plugs, so they aren't as prone to damage during handling.

period 816 More SD Information Secure Digital cards are used as storage in these devices: Digital camera for storing pictures Cell phone for storing images, sound clips and other media files Nintendo's Wii console for storing multimedia and game save files. Global Positioning System receivers, for storing map and waypoint data, digital photos and audio. PS3 for storing multimedia and game save files.

period 817 Memory Stick Used as storage media for a portable device, in a form that can easily be removed for access by a personal computer With a Memory Stick-capable reader, a user can copy the pictures taken with the Sony digital camera onto the computer.

period 818 Memory Stick Continued Compared to other IC (integrated circuit) media, Memory Stick digital data storage is smaller in size than compact flash and smart media. It is highly reliable with a 10-pin connector, and an Erasure Prevention Switch that when set on "Lock" virtually eliminates the risk of accidentally erasing or recording over stored data. The Memory Stick format is designed to be expanded in the future to incorporate digital copyright protection.

period 819 Memory Stick Uses Digital cameras, Digital music players, PDA’s, cellular phones, The PSP, In other devices, and the Sony VAIO line of personal computers also include Memory Stick slots.

period 820 XD A type of flash memory card, used mainly in digital cards. XD originally stood for extreme Digital The cards were developed by Olympus and Fujifilm and introduced into the market in July 2002.

period 821 Disadvantages XD cards are much slower than their main competitor, Secure Digital (SD Although XD cards are physically smaller than Secure Digital (SD) cards, they are larger than its reduced- size variants, mini SD and micro SD cards. XD cards are generally more expensive than cards of other formats.

period 822 Advantages XD cards are fast in comparison with older formats such as Smart Media (SM), Multi Media Card (MMC), and Memory Stick (MS). XD cards have a small form-factor in comparison with other formats (although both Micro SD and Memory Stick M2 are smaller). XD cards have a low power consumption.

period 823 Card Reader Used for communication with a smart card or a flash memory card Allows to use Palm-powered handheld’s as an ordinary USB or Blue tooth card reader for quick and easy file exchange. It has the unique ability to export the card in the background mode allowing you e.g. to transfer MP3s simultaneously with web browsing.

period 824 Card Reader Some have a flash upgradeable firmware. The card reader supplies the integrated circuit on the smart card with electricity. Communication is done via protocols and you can read and write to a fixed address on the card.

period 825 Card Reader Protocol T=0, Asynchronous half-duplex byte-level transmission protocol. T=1, Asynchronous half-duplex block-level transmission protocol. T=2, Reserved for future full-duplex operations. T=3, Reserved for future full-duplex operations. T=CL, APDU transmission via non contact interface ISO14443.

period 826 Availability All of these items can be bought at computer appliance stores and over the internet