MAO’S RED CHINA China Under Communist Rule The Great Leap Forward, 1958 & The Crisis of

THE GREAT LEAP FORWARD During this trip I have witnessed the tremendous energy of the masses. On this foundation it is possible to accomplish any task whatsoever. - Mao Mao’s Goal: Making China an Industrial Powerhouse Second 5-Year Plan: The Great Leap Forward

THE GREAT LEAP FORWARD - THE COMMUNES Develop Agriculture as well as Industry Chinese Commune System - All Encompassing Collective Farm & Work Units Purpose: Releasing the Worker’s Tremendous Energy

THE GREAT LEAP FORWARD - THE COMMUNES The advantage of People’s Communes lies in the fact that they combine industry, agriculture, commerce, education, and military affairs. - Mao People’s Time Managed Effectively for Work Commune in Control of All Activities - Hierarchy Commune Creation Extremely Speedy - More than 25,000 at end of 1958

THE GREAT LEAP FORWARD - PROPAGANDA & ENTHUSIASM Propaganda a Key Element Goal to Inspire Workers to Overachieve Goals Impressive Construction Projects Completed

There were not enough machines, there was no cement, no mortar and other building materials. Beijingers were summoned to build this dam with their bare hands and feet by voluntary shift work. Hundreds of thousands of inhabitants of Beijing, including all the civil servants and university professors, doctors, students, etc. set out to execute the order. In 8 hours shifts, they worked day and night without a break. They scratched away the earth from the surrounding hills often with no more than their fingernails, they split stones with primitive tools, and carried earth and stone in little baskets carrying poles to the river bed, where more thousands stood and stamped the stones and earth flat with their feet, urged on by the Party…men with megaphones…Mao Zedong himself and all the members of the Politburo and the government came and joined in the work of building the dam…In six months the dam was built. It is 2088 feet high and 38 feet wide at its base. - Eyewitness, Hugo Portisch

THE GREAT LEAP FORWARD - THE BACKYARD STEEL CAMPAIGN Small Commune Factories Set Up Emphasis on Steel Production Backyard Steel Furnaces Set Up 1958 a Good Year For Overall Production

THE CRISIS YEARS, Ours is the only chemical factory of its kind and the boiler is 70 years old. But one day a Party official arrived and told me to increase the pressure in the boiler from a hundred to a hundred and fifty pounds per square inch so that the reactor process could be completed 9 times a day instead of 6. When I told him he was turning it into a bomb, he accused me of being a bourgeois reactionary. So what was I to do? Great Leap? The connecting pipe burst when the pressure reached 120 pounds, and we were out of production for a week while repairs were made.

THE CRISIS YEARS, Things Begin Going Wrong in 1959 Unrealistic Demands for More Production From the Party Backyard Steel Campaign Fails Too Little Agricultural Production

THE GREAT LEAP FORWARD FAILURE Coal and iron cannot walk by themselves. They need vehicles to transport them. This I did not foresee. I and the Premier did not concern ourselves with this point. You could say we were ignorant of it…I am a complete outsider when it comes to economic construction. I understand nothing about industrial planning. Comrades, in 1958 and 1959, the main responsibility was mine, and you should take me to task…The chaos caused was on a grand scale, and I take responsibility. Comrades, you must analyze your own responsibility…If you have to fart, fart! You will feel much better for it. - Mao, 1959

THE GREAT LEAP FORWARD FAILURE - THE FARMING CRISIS Failure in the Countryside and Towns Not Enough People Working in Farming Over-reporting of Grain Harvests Good Weather Turns to Bad…Famine Intensifies 20 Million Die Due to Famine & Malnutrition

The Rise of the Moderates “The 3 Bitter Years” Caused by Mao Party Leaders Blame Mao for the Damage The disaster was 70% manmade and 30% due to natural causes. - Liu Shaoqi More Moderate Leaders Assume Power…Mao Loses Power. Enter Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai, & Deng Xiaoping

THE WANING OF MAO? Mao’s Power Gone? Still Extremely Popular and the Face of the Revolution Mao Reaction to the Moderates…The Cultural Revolution Peasants have dirty hands and cowshit-sodden feet, but they are much cleaner than intellectuals. - Mao

=LGpmVs0_Dbc

Indian Independence Movement What methods did Gandhi use and were his methods successful?

Despite helping Britain in WWI, Indians were once again treated as 2 nd class citizens after the war Groups like the Indian National Congress (Hindu) and Muslim League (Islam) began a campaign for Indian independence Many Indian radicals began to violently protest British rule 1919: British pass the Rowlatt bills, which jailed people w/o a trial Mohandas Gandhi protests unfair laws Gandhi believed in an approach called non-violent resistance & non-cooperation “An eye for an eye makes the whole world blind” “Victory attainted by violence is actually defeat” Rise of Indian Nationalism Gandhi organized peaceful marches and public refusal to obey unfair British laws

However, Rowlatt Bills ban public gatherings 4/13/1919: Hindu & Muslim Indians gather in Amritsar to protest A British Commander felt Indians were openly defying the ban and ordered his troops to open fire on the crowd 400 people were killed and 1,200 wounded in the Amritsar Massacre Despite British violence, Gandhi urges followers to continue nonviolence Gandhi begins to organize a boycott of British goods & taxes The boycott on cloth is successful & British are losing money! Gandhi organizes the Salt March 1930 Police officers beat the marchers. American media reports the event Independence is gained in 1947 but British partition country based on religion (India, East & West Pakistan)

Tiananmen Square (Massacre) political rally in 1989 by college students demanding democratic rights in China. Our movement was crushed by the Chinese government.

Liberation Theology political movement within Christianity that interprets the teachings of Jesus Christ in terms of freedom from political, economic, or social oppression. I became very popular in Latin America during the 1950s and 1960s. My critics often calls me “Christianized Marxism.”

Earth Day started in 1970 to bring awareness of the Earth’s natural environment. My flag is pictured above.

United Nations an international organization formed in 1945 to help promote world peace. I replaced the failed League of Nations. I currently have 193 members. In 1948, I wrote the Universal Declaration of Human Rights which identifies the human rights goals for all nations.

European Union started in 1958 with six members. I currently have 27 members. Together we are a regional trade bloc, similar to ASEAN or NAFTA, that is designed to promote the movement of capital and goods across national borders. Not all members use the currency we introduced in 2002.

World Bank a controversial international financial institution that provides financial assistance to developing countries. My official goal is the reduction of global poverty. Founded in 1944, I have helped spread the principles and practices associated with free market economics around the world.

World Health Organization a specialized agency of the United Nations. Like Doctors Without Borders or the Red Cross, and formed to help respond to humanitarian crises around the world.

Greenpeace A global movement that was started in Canada in the early 1970s.They protest the inequality of environmental and economic consequences of global integration. My main targets are global warming, deforestation, over-fishing, and nuclear proliferation.