AP World History Revolutionary Changes in the Atlantic World

Revolutionary Changes in Atlantic World Costly wars created need for new sources of income. The Enlightenment created need to question & protest.

Prelude to Revolution Intellectuals used tools of scientific inquiry. Some systematized & organized knowledge as reference works. Others applied to society.

Prelude to Revolution Thomas Hobbes. People are greedy and selfish. Only a powerful government can create a peaceful, orderly society.

Prelude to Revolution John Locke – gov’t. is created to protect the people. Duty to rebel. Individual rights.

Prelude to Revolution Rousseau – People should make and obey the laws. What is good for all is more important than the good of one.

Prelude to Revolution Baron de Montesquieu Baron de Montesquieu Gov’t. powers should be separated into 3 branches. Each branch monitors the other branches. Gov’t. powers should be separated into 3 branches. Each branch monitors the other branches.

Prelude to Revolution : Adam Smith: Government should let business run itself (laissez faire) A free market works through supply and demand.

Prelude to Revolution Some monarchs adopted Enlightenment ideas but suppressed those that attacked religion or the monarchies.

Prelude to Revolution Women spread ideas in their salons Ideas appealed to new middle classes. Franklin genius without privilege.

Prelude to Revolution Protests made against changes. Protests made against some changes. Popular uprisings became revolutions only when they coincided with elitist conflicts.

American Revolution New taxes & prevention of further settlement provoked protests. Proclamation of 1763: limits on western settlement.

American Revolution Response to Stamp Act: boycotts, staged protests, & attacks. Boston Massacre British closed Boston’s port after the Tea Party.

American Revolution Deposed British governors & established Continental Congress. British won most of battles but couldn’t control countryside.

American Revolution Amerindians served as allies to both sides. France allied with U.S. Defeat of Yorktown Treaty of Paris (1783)

American Revolution Articles of Confederation served as a constitution during & after the war. May 1787 Constitutional Convention convened to write new constitution.

French Revolution French society divided into 3 groups: 1st Estate (clergy) 2 nd Estate (nobles) 3 rd Estate (everyone else)

French Revolution French kings tried to introduce new taxes & reforms to generate income. French kings tried to introduce new taxes & reforms to generate income. Estates General called to get approval. Estates General called to get approval.

French Revolution Expanded 3 rd estate declared itself a National Assembly. Tennis Court Oath

French Revolution King amasses troops to arrest National Assembly and Parisians attacked the Bastille in response. Declaration of the Rights of Man

French Revolution Parisian market women National Assembly passed new constitution limiting king’s power, & restructured society & politics.

French Revolution King is caught trying to escape & is executed. National Convention is formed & dominated by the Jacobins and Robespierre.

French Revolution Jacobins spilt between moderate Girondists and radicals known as the Mountain. Executive power given to Committee of Public Safety.

French Revolution Reign of Terror ( ) July 1794, Robespierre is arrested and executed.

French Revolution The Convention worked to undo radical reforms, ratified a more conservative constitution, and created the Directory.

French Revolution Napoleon’s popular authoritarianism Concordat of 1801 recognized right to practice faith & gov’t. authority

Napoleon Civil Code of 1804 – Names himself as emperor. Also states equality in law and protection of property.

Napoleon Stability depended upon the success of the military & French diplomacy. Alliance of Russia, Austria, Prussia & England defeated Napoleon in 1814.

Revolutions Spread Slave rebellion led by Francois Dominique Toussaint L’Ouverture The colony became Haiti in 1804

Revolutions Spread Congress of Vienna: attempts to preserve peace & a conservative order in Europe. Congress of Vienna: attempts to preserve peace & a conservative order in Europe. Re-establishes French monarchy, redrew borders, & established Holy Alliance. Re-establishes French monarchy, redrew borders, & established Holy Alliance.

Revolutions Spread Popular support for democratic reform grew throughout Europe. Democratic reform movements emerged both in Britain & in the U.S.

Revolutions Spread (Europe) desire for national self- determination & democratic reform led to series of revolutions in Most failed.

Conclusion Revolutions: result of costly wars which drove rulers to increase taxes. At the same time, others were seeking reforms that would make the government represent the will of the people.

Conclusion Revolutions outside of America were more violent because they faced greater opposition and social inequalities.

Conclusion Conservative forces after Napoleon were successful However, in the long run, they couldn’t control Enlightenment ideas of rational inquiry, political participation & secular intellectual culture.