Trends in Software Engineering a personal view Ivar Jacobson Vice President e-Development Rational Software Corporation Ivar Jacobson Vice President e-Development Rational Software Corporation

Virtual Agenda  Yesterday  Today  Tomorrow The best way to predict the future is to invent it!

The 1980 Letter to The CEO of Ericsson*  The component-based development approach used for AKE/AXE will evolve into a world standard  Go further in three steps  1983: present a standard method including a modeling language [like SDL, UML], a process [like RUP] supported by a first generation tool-set  1985: the modeling language becomes a formal executable language [like UML with action semantics]  1990: expert system support on top of process, language and tool; talked about layman programming  The component-based development approach used for AKE/AXE will evolve into a world standard  Go further in three steps  1983: present a standard method including a modeling language [like SDL, UML], a process [like RUP] supported by a first generation tool-set  1985: the modeling language becomes a formal executable language [like UML with action semantics]  1990: expert system support on top of process, language and tool; talked about layman programming * Björn Svedberg

Component-Based Architectures  Originated at Ericsson  for real-time, distributed systems:  blocks a k o components, design code executables run-time objects  interfaces based on signals,  functions crossed blocks -- or realized as collaborations among blocks  Components have become the standard.  No new development paradigm to replace components in sight!  Originated at Ericsson  for real-time, distributed systems:  blocks a k o components, design code executables run-time objects  interfaces based on signals,  functions crossed blocks -- or realized as collaborations among blocks  Components have become the standard.  No new development paradigm to replace components in sight!

Modeling Languages -- a personal view  : The AKE/AXE modeling language:  block diagrams  collaboration diagrams  sequence diagrams  state transition diagrams (state overviews, activity diagrams, concurrent states)  : the first object modeling standard SDL adopts those techniques  nicknamed ‘The Ericsson Language’  In parallel Entity-Relationship modeling emerged  1987: Objectory modeling language combined SDL and ER technologies, added Use Cases and Multi-Modeling.  1996: The Unified Modeling Language  based on Objectory, Booch and OMT from 1991  plus many other modeling ideas  The standard modeling language  UML 2.0 a major new release, followed by more...  : The AKE/AXE modeling language:  block diagrams  collaboration diagrams  sequence diagrams  state transition diagrams (state overviews, activity diagrams, concurrent states)  : the first object modeling standard SDL adopts those techniques  nicknamed ‘The Ericsson Language’  In parallel Entity-Relationship modeling emerged  1987: Objectory modeling language combined SDL and ER technologies, added Use Cases and Multi-Modeling.  1996: The Unified Modeling Language  based on Objectory, Booch and OMT from 1991  plus many other modeling ideas  The standard modeling language  UML 2.0 a major new release, followed by more...

Development Process -- a personal view  The AKE/AXE method  functional spec’s  software architecture description  functional descr’s, block descriptions, separate from interface (signal) descriptions  functional tests and system test  The Objectory Process  engineered process to facilitate specializations and instantiations (projects)  use cases drive the business track, the system track and the user track  : The Rational Unified Process  iterative development  architecture-centric  tool support for process engineering and process instantiations  de-facto standard for e-development Plus: a process without integral tools is just an academic idea!  The AKE/AXE method  functional spec’s  software architecture description  functional descr’s, block descriptions, separate from interface (signal) descriptions  functional tests and system test  The Objectory Process  engineered process to facilitate specializations and instantiations (projects)  use cases drive the business track, the system track and the user track  : The Rational Unified Process  iterative development  architecture-centric  tool support for process engineering and process instantiations  de-facto standard for e-development Plus: a process without integral tools is just an academic idea!

Future of Software  We have the standard modeling language  We have a standard development process  What next?  A Software Component Marketplace  Quality from the Beginning  Give Soul to Software Process  A Complete UML Based Software Platform  We have the standard modeling language  We have a standard development process  What next?  A Software Component Marketplace  Quality from the Beginning  Give Soul to Software Process  A Complete UML Based Software Platform

A Software Component Marketplace  A component industry including  Component factories provide ‘components’  System Integrators reuse these ‘components’  ‘Components’ are component systems used to build families of application systems  We need a standard for playing on this marketplace  How to design for reuse  How to design with reuse We have a standard language, we have a standard process and there are tools. Now’s the time!  A component industry including  Component factories provide ‘components’  System Integrators reuse these ‘components’  ‘Components’ are component systems used to build families of application systems  We need a standard for playing on this marketplace  How to design for reuse  How to design with reuse We have a standard language, we have a standard process and there are tools. Now’s the time!

 Reuse of all models, that is of everything  architecture -- most important but just a fraction of what is reusable  use cases, analysis, design, implementation and test  user interface models, business models, etc.  Reuse of technology  process with tools  projects  guidelines  Reuse of all models, that is of everything  architecture -- most important but just a fraction of what is reusable  use cases, analysis, design, implementation and test  user interface models, business models, etc.  Reuse of technology  process with tools  projects  guidelines Reuseable Assets

The Reuse Initiative: e-Development Accelerator Reusable Frameworks Reuse Standards Automation Open UML-based standard expressing how to document and produce reusable assets. Technology or domain specific reusable assets with associated guidelines on usage. Tool support for creating, managing, and reusing software assets.

Component System Component System Component System Application System Application System Application System Component System Component System Layered System Architecture Car Sales Management Customer profile Order management Shopping cart Credit card authorization Object persistency mechanism Examples of reusable object Application-general layer Middleware layer Application-specific layer System-software layer Component System Component System

Quality from the Beginning We have lost two generations of developers who think they just need to debug at the end, when they instead shouldn’t introduce any defects along the way.  An attitude problem  “bugs are nice, defects are bad”  “some developers make the dirt, others (customers) clean up”  Process change  verify and test along the way -- activity-based verification  there is no test model, test artifacts are part of all models  New tools  generate test cases from requirements, analysis, design... We have lost two generations of developers who think they just need to debug at the end, when they instead shouldn’t introduce any defects along the way.  An attitude problem  “bugs are nice, defects are bad”  “some developers make the dirt, others (customers) clean up”  Process change  verify and test along the way -- activity-based verification  there is no test model, test artifacts are part of all models  New tools  generate test cases from requirements, analysis, design...

Activity-Based Verification Whatever you do, you are not done until you have verified that you did what you wanted to do.  Introduce verification on activities  Each activity-artifact pair needs a Verification Case  Each Verification Case has a corresponding Verification Step  Test Cases are specializations of Verification Cases, related to the executable system Whatever you do, you are not done until you have verified that you did what you wanted to do.  Introduce verification on activities  Each activity-artifact pair needs a Verification Case  Each Verification Case has a corresponding Verification Step  Test Cases are specializations of Verification Cases, related to the executable system

Software Process Comes Alive Development steps  The process at your fingertips  The process gets soul  the third step 20 years ago  a software engineering breakthrough technology Development steps  The process at your fingertips  The process gets soul  the third step 20 years ago  a software engineering breakthrough technology

The Process at Your Fingertips Rational Unified Process (RUP) My Unified Process My Project My tasks Is specialized to Is enacted as And to

Process gets soul: people may be humans StaticDynamic Structured Re-Invent Generic Long-Term Learn Creative Reuse Streamlined and Personalized Short-Term Do Traditional processes hold static rules and regulations, but lacks “soul” and adaptive capabilities. They appeal to structured reasoning, but not to the creative (lateral) spirit.

Software Components, but…  Autonomous  Pro-Active  Encapsulate Knowledge as Rules  Adaptive Software Components, but…  Autonomous  Pro-Active  Encapsulate Knowledge as Rules  Adaptive Agents Agent (in software)

Each Developer has its Own Personal Agent Personal Agent (for Joe) Joe (Developer) Agent System Individuals play roles in software development www. jaczone.com

Every Role in RUP is Matched to One Agent System Analyst Role Agent (for System Analyst) Agent System www. jaczone.com

Personal Agents and Role Agents Personal Agent (for Joe) Joe (Developer) Role Agent (for System Analyst) Role Agent (for Business-Process Analyst) Agent System Since a developer can play many roles his/her personal agent may collaborate with several role agents

Specialist Agents  Rule agents  Reuse agents suggest candidate patterns, frameworks, etc  Workflow agents suggest micro-activities based on state  Conversation agents for conversational modeling  Model completion agents  Round-trip modeling agents between all kinds of models  Evaluation agents  Broker agents  Rule agents  Reuse agents suggest candidate patterns, frameworks, etc  Workflow agents suggest micro-activities based on state  Conversation agents for conversational modeling  Model completion agents  Round-trip modeling agents between all kinds of models  Evaluation agents  Broker agents www. jaczone.com

A Complete UML Based Platform  An executable UML  a programming language (or a set of PL’s)  Java, C++ become superfluous  combines graphical and program-like syntax  Semantics of changes -- functional and structural -- defined by UML  language defined configuration and version management  Removing seams (or gaps) between UML and  operating systems and database mgmt systems  computer architectures  An executable UML  a programming language (or a set of PL’s)  Java, C++ become superfluous  combines graphical and program-like syntax  Semantics of changes -- functional and structural -- defined by UML  language defined configuration and version management  Removing seams (or gaps) between UML and  operating systems and database mgmt systems  computer architectures "Function Distribution in Computer System Architectures”, Harold “Bud” Lawson, 1976 "Function Distribution in Computer System Architectures”, Harold “Bud” Lawson, 1976

Every Layer of Components described in UML  Systemware components  operating systems  database management systems  Middleware components  Customer relationship management  Content management  Change management  Application general components  Subscriber management  Digit analysis node  Route data  Systemware components  operating systems  database management systems  Middleware components  Customer relationship management  Content management  Change management  Application general components  Subscriber management  Digit analysis node  Route data

Trend: Focus moves upwards  Use cases generate test cases and input to analysis  Analysis will generate implementation; design will become superfluous  Use cases generate test cases and input to analysis  Analysis will generate implementation; design will become superfluous Req.tsImpl.Test Analysis Design More “generation”=work elimination Now Tomorrow

Tomorrow, Life will be Much Better! We have UML, RUP and tools  Eventually we will get a Component Industry  We will do things right from the beginning  Process will get soul -- developers are people and people are humans  We will get rid of seams and gaps between levels We have UML, RUP and tools  Eventually we will get a Component Industry  We will do things right from the beginning  Process will get soul -- developers are people and people are humans  We will get rid of seams and gaps between levels Summary

Readings by Ivar Jacobson  Unified Software Development Process Jacobson, Booch, Rumbaugh, Addison Wesley Longman (1999)  Object-Oriented Software Development--A Use Case Driven Approach (Addison Wesley) Ivar Jacobson, Addison Wesley Longman (1992)  The Object Advantage: Business Process Reengineering with Objects (Addison Wesley) Ivar Jacobson, Addison Wesley Longman (1994)  Software Reuse: Architecture, Process and Organization for Business Success (Addison Wesley) Ivar Jacobson, Addison Wesley Longman (1997)  The Road to the Unified Software Development Process Ivar Jacobson, Stefan Bylund, Cambridge University Press, 2000  Unified Software Development Process Jacobson, Booch, Rumbaugh, Addison Wesley Longman (1999)  Object-Oriented Software Development--A Use Case Driven Approach (Addison Wesley) Ivar Jacobson, Addison Wesley Longman (1992)  The Object Advantage: Business Process Reengineering with Objects (Addison Wesley) Ivar Jacobson, Addison Wesley Longman (1994)  Software Reuse: Architecture, Process and Organization for Business Success (Addison Wesley) Ivar Jacobson, Addison Wesley Longman (1997)  The Road to the Unified Software Development Process Ivar Jacobson, Stefan Bylund, Cambridge University Press, 2000

Special readings  Software Reuse: Architecture, Process and Organization for Business Success (Addison Wesley) Ivar Jacobson, Addison Wesley Longman (1997)  Function Distribution in Computer System Architectures, Harold “ Bud” Lawson (1976)  Software Reuse: Architecture, Process and Organization for Business Success (Addison Wesley) Ivar Jacobson, Addison Wesley Longman (1997)  Function Distribution in Computer System Architectures, Harold “ Bud” Lawson (1976)