Anatomy and Physiology Introduction Dr. John M. Bartlett, D.C. Board Eligible Chiropractic Neurologist Certified Clinical Research Associate

Characteristics of Living 1.Responsiveness – also called irritability 1.Simple reflexes – remove hand from hot stove 2.Adjustments to environmental changes 1.Adaptability – fur growth in winter, migration, etc. 2.Growth and differentiation 1.Grow larger, cells become specialized 3.Reproduction 4.Movement 5.Metabolism and excretion

Anatomy – study of internal and external structures and the physical relationships among body parts. Physiology – study of how living organisms perform their vital functions. All specific functions are performed by specific structures

1.Cytology – analysis of internal structure of individual cells. 2.Histology – examination of tissues 3.Gross anatomy – also called macroscopic anatomy. 1.Examination of structures visible to naked eye. 2.Surface anatomy – study of general form and superficial markings 3.Regional anatomy – anatomical organization of specifc areas of the body. 4.Systemic anatomy – study of structure of organ systems. 5.Developmental anatomy – study of changes of form and function from conception to physical maturity.

Homeostasis Existence of a stable environment. Homeostatic regulation – adjustment of physiological systems to preserve homeostasis. Failure of homeostatic regulation leads to illness or death.

Two general mechanisms in homeostasis 1.Autoregulation – the activities of a cell, tissue, organ, or organ system change automatically when faced with environmental regulation. 2.Extrinsic regulation – results from action of nervous system or endocrine system. 1.Exercise = increase heart rate 2.Nervous system – crisis management with rapid, short- term, specific responses. 3.Endocrine system – releases chemical messengers called hormones. 1.Response not immediate and effects last days to weeks.

Regulatory mechanism 1.Receptor – sensor that is sensitive to a particular environmental change or stimulus. 2.Control center or integration center – receives and processes information supplied by receptor. 3.Effector – cell or organ that responds to commands of control center

Negative feedback Effector activated by control center opposes or eliminates the stimulus.

Positive feedback Initial stimulus produces a response that increases or enhances the response. – Not as common – Important for physiological processes that must be completed quickly.

Anatomical landmarks and directional references

Anatomical position Supine – lying face up Prone – lying face down

Abdominopelvic quadrants

Abdominopelvic regions

Planes of body

Directional references

Table 1.1

Body cavities