POPULATION & LIVING STANDARDS CH. 11 & 12

CH. 11 POPULATION TRENDS AND GROWTH

POPULATION HOW MUCH IS A BILLION? 76 MILLION PEOPLE ARE ADDED PER YEAR THE POPULATION CLOCK

POPULATION CONTROL INDIACHINA 1952 – Family Planning - Rhythm Method / Abstinence 1962 – Awareness – Songs / Radio 1970 – Sterilization Programs & Targets - Vasectomies => need for sons!! 1975 – Coercion & Reward Tactics - > 3 = X Schooling / Firings / Demotions 1977 – Ghandi Ends Coercion - Ed. / Vol. Birth Control 1983 – Programs Not Working!! 2000 – Female Sterilization 2010 – BR down but still too high! 1949 – BR encouraged = power 1970 – Promoted ‘Two-Child’ 1979 – One Child Policy - Cash / Ed. / Medical / Housing > 1 = No Ed./ Fines / Med. PROBLEMS - Rural areas = workers - Pressure abortions - Pressure sterilizations - Infanticide ( Boys #1) - Too many men - Lower pop. = no tax $ 2- Child #s up Proud Family?? Why Sons??

DEMOGRAPHY THE CENSUS CANADA – By law all Canadians to complete. Why??? - Major = 10 yrs (yrs.ending in 1) - Minor = 5 yrs (ending in 6) DECIPHERING DATA - Developed vs Developing Countries - Calcutta vs Vancouver CALCULATING POPULATION CHANGE - Four basic components - birth rate, death rate, immigration rate, emmigration rate - Natural Increase = Birth Rate – Death Rate - used to compare dev. vs developing countries - Exponential Growth - Doubling Time = 70 % of Natural Increase - Net Migration = Immig. – Emmig. - Population Growth Rate = Natural Increase + Net migration Calcutta Vancouver Country POP.BR / 1000 DR / 1000 NI / 1000 INDIA1.2 BILLION RUSSIA 140 MILLION CANADA 34 MILLION GABON 1.5 MILLION THE STUDY OF POPULATION TRENDS AND ISSUES

DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL CANADA INDIA/ CHINA NOTE – China adopted a ‘one child’ / reward policy / India = sterilization & penalty programs.

POPULATION PROFILES AGE COHORTS DEPENDENCY RATIO EARLY EXPANDING STABLECONTRACTING POPULATION PYRAMIDS (FOUR STAGES) WHY IMMIGRATION ???

WORLD POPULATION DISTRIBUTION WORLD POPULATION DENSITY POPULATION AREA /SQ. KM ECUMENE – The populated area of the world. NEOMALTHUSIANS CORNUCOPIANS PHYSICAL FACTORS Climate Landscape Resouces Soils Vegetation Water Accessibility HUMAN FACTORS Government Policy Disease Development Culture Communication THE FUTURE ??

CH 12 LIVING STANDARDS IN A CHANGING WORLD THE ‘HAVES’THE ‘HAVE-NOTS’

MEASURING DEVELOPMENT HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (HDI) The HDI measures standard of living. The three HDI indicators. 1. Life expectancy 2. Literacy Rate 3. GDP per capita RANK COUNTRY LIFE EX. LITERACY GDP ($US) 1NORWAY % $53, 433 4CANADA % $35, NIGER % $627 CATAGORIZING NATIONS 1.Developed (Canada) 2.Newly Industrializing Countries (Brazil) 3.Developing (Niger) CLOSING THE GAP: GOALS HUNGER EDUCATION EQUALITY CHILD MORTALITY MATERNAL HEALTH HIV/AIDS ENVIRONMENT DEVELOPMENT INFRASTRUCTURE

GDP Per Capita The higher the GDP per capita - the higher the life expectancy - Canada GDP $1.3 Trillion The more education the female population has the lower the birth rate CountryLife Ex.GDP Mexico72.1$874 Billion Botswanna 51.7$11.8 Billion Country Secondary School Birth Rate /1000 Afghanistan8% 52 Canada100% 11 USA GDP $14.1 Trillion Education

MEASURING LIVING STANDARDS BARTER VS. CURRENCY GLOBALIZATION (PROS/CONS) QUALITY OF LIFE (HEALTH, LITERACY, EQUALITY, SHANTYS, FREEDOMS,) URBAN LIVING MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS (Control resources, indusrty => debt) POVERTY LINE Basic Needs Can. Poverty = 70% income on daily needs Dev’ing = $1.25 / day THE POVERTY TRAP INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND WORLD BANK MEGAPROJECTS (World Price drops???) BURDEN OF DEBT HEAVILY INDEBTED POOR COUNTRIES (HIPC) – Loan forgiveness CAN. + $ to Environment

THE VULNERABLE ONES THE POSITION OF WOMEN - Male domination – legal rights -Honour Killings - Family obligations – men search for work. - Low literacy – Men only ed. - Ed. Is the Solution – Low BR & IMR - Polygamy CHILDREN - Famine, disease, war, sanitation - No ed. - U5MR (13 x more likely to die) - Ethnic cleansing, land mines, soldiers - Child labour, begging, stealing. - Working Conditions - Bonded Labour – Family Debts THE HEALTH CRISIS -LACK OF CLEAN WATER -WHO = 1.2 Billion = no water. -Clean water & sanitation = cure 10 % of disease - EPEDEMICS -Malaria – on the rise (1 Million/yr.) - HIV/AIDS – (33 Million world wide; 2 Million died per Year) (See next slide)

WORLD AIDS

HELPING TO IMPROVE LIVING STANDARDS FOREIGN AID 1.OFFICIAL DEV’T ASSISTANCE (ODA) - Aid by Gov’ts 2.NON-GOV’T ORGANIZATIONS - Churches, Rotary, Oxfam, Red Cross 3.MULTILATERAL AID -Aid from a # of Gov’ts. -Usually big projects (Damns) 4.BILATERAL AID -From one country to another -Often = strings attached Tied Aid (‘Buy Canadian’) FACTS TO PONDER– World military = $1.5 Trillion / All Dev’t Goals= $143 Billion. - UN target =.7 % of GNP / Canada =.32% GNP - Dictators have leached Aid from the poor – NGOs working to end abuse. - small local projects have helped leaching – water pumps to rural areas CAN. FOREIGN AID CIDA Goals – water, infrastructure, women’s poverty, rights, jobs, & environment. - Partnerships Criticisms - 80% of funds on 20 priority countries (Africa???) CANADA’S 20 PRIORITY COUNTRIES

LINKING AID TO HUMAN RIGHTS THE CASE FOR DENYING AID -Gov’ts must change ways first. - deny aid when human rights are violated - will aid get to those in need? Army?? - Human rights are key in Canada, must Also be key to aid THE CASE FOR GIVING AID -Different cultures = different rights; Who are we to judge? Women’s rights vary from culture to culture. - Good causes should not be confused with rights. -Poverty = breeding ground for violations. Many of those in need often live under regimes that abuse human rights.