ANDREW WYETH Christina’s World (1948) A complex philosophy emphasizing the absurdity of reality and the human responsibility to make choices and accept consequences!

 18 th -19 th century ◦ Science separates from theology and philosophy ◦ Rationalism vs. Empiricism  Descartes: There are things only reason can know  “I think, therefore I am”  Hume: Only what a human can experience and observe can be the basis for scientific knowledge  “'Tis evident, that all the sciences have a relation, more or less, to human nature”  Kant: There is a synthesis between perception and reason  “The understanding can intuit nothing, the senses can think nothing. Only through their union can knowledge arise.”

 Descartes’ application of scientific method to questions of human nature—can what I am be quantified and measured?  Darwin and human evolution--can humanity be explained by a process?  Freud and the division of the human mind into parts– am I a case study in a grand scientific theory of behavior?  Is there any system that can adequately explain human nature, or is humanity something that cannot be explained?

 Hegel: The ultimate synthesizer and systematizer ◦ German Idealism: the priority of mind over nature ◦ “All that is real is rational; all that is rational is real”  There is nothing that cannot be known, and it is not real unless it can be known ◦ Human beings are part of a World Spirit (Weltgeist) and it is their destiny to become a unified state.  The history of the world demonstrates this evolution  The individual human gives way to the perfection of humanity

 Marx: ◦ Materialism replacing German Idealism  The history of the world is the history of class struggles  Communism is the perfection of the human state, but humans must make it happen  Schopenhauer ◦ Human beings are the embodiment of a Will to Live, not part of a disembodied Spirit  All individuals have this Will, and conflict is the result of contesting wills.  Both show the need to consider human beings as part of the explanation of human nature

 Kierkegaard ◦ Impossibility of complete objectivity ◦ Humans cannot be reduced to a system ◦ The only historical fact I know for certain is the truth of my own existence

 Nietzsche ◦ Humans must separate from “the herd” ◦ The world is devoid of intrinsic value and meaning—we must impose our own values

MARK ROTHKO Untitled (1968) Big Ideas of Existentialism Despite encompassing a huge range of philosophical, religious, and political ideologies, the underlying concepts of existentialism are simple…

Existence Precedes Essence Cogito ergo sum. Existentialism is the title of the set of philosophical ideals that emphasize the existence of the human being, the lack of meaning and purpose in life, and the solitude of human existence… “Existence precedes essence” implies that the human being has no essence (no essential self).

Absurdism The belief that nothing can explain or rationalize human existence. There is no answer to “Why am I?” Humans exist in a meaningless, irrational universe and any search for order will bring them into direct conflict with this universe.

GEORGIO DE CHIRICO Love Song It was during the Second World War, when Europe found itself in a crisis faced with death and destruction, that the existential movement began to flourish, popularized in France in the 1940s.

Choice and Commitment Humans have freedom to choose. Each individual makes choices that create his or her own nature. Because we choose, we must accept risk and responsibility for wherever our commitments take us. “A human being is absolutely free and absolutely responsible. Anguish is the result.” –Jean-Paul Sartre

MAN RAY Les Larmes (Tears) Dread and Anxiety

Dread is a feeling of general apprehension. Kierkegaard interpreted it as God’s way of calling each individual to make a commitment to a personally valid way of life. Anxiety stems from our understanding and recognition of the total freedom of choice that confronts us every moment, and the individual’s confrontation with nothingness.

EDVARD MUNCH Night in Saint Cloud (1890) Nothingness and Death

Death hangs over all of us. Our awareness of it can bring freedom or anguish. I am my own existence. Nothing structures my world. “Nothingness is our inherent lack of self. We are in constant pursuit of a self. Nothingness is the creative well-spring from which all human possibilities can be realized.” –Jean-Paul Sartre Nothingness and Death

EDGAR DEGAS “L’absinthe” (1876) Alienation or Estrangement From all other humans From human institutions From the past From the future We only exist right now, right here.

Edward Hopper“New York Movie” (1939)

Human Subjectivity “I will be what I choose to be.” It is impossible to transcend human subjectivity. “There are no true connections between people.” My emotions are yet another choice I make. I am responsible for them.

All existentialists are concerned with the study of being or ontology. TO REVIEW: An existentialist believes that a person’s life is nothing but the sum of the life he has shaped for himself. At every moment it is always his own free will choosing how to act. He is responsible for his actions, which limit future actions. Thus, he must create a morality in the absence of any known predetermined absolute values. God does not figure into the equation, because even if God does exist, He does not reveal to men the meaning of their lives. Honesty with oneself is the most important value. Every decision must be weighed in light of all the consequences of that action. Life is absurd, but we engage it!

GEORGIA O’KEEFFE Sky Above White Clouds I (1962) Human existence cannot be captured by reason or objectivity –– it must include passion, emotion and the subjective. Each of us is responsible for everything and to every human being. –Simone de Beauvoir

Some Famous Existentialists Søren Kierkegaard ( ) Fyodor Dostoevsky ( ) Friedrich Nietzsche ( ) Franz Kafka ( ) Jean-Paul Sartre ( ) Albert Camus ( ) “A woman is not born…she is created.” de Beauvoir’s most famous text is The Second Sex (1949), which some claim is the basis for current gender studies.

Nietzsche and Nihilism “Every belief, every considering something-true is necessarily false because there is simply no true world. Nihilism is…not only the belief that everything deserves to perish; but one actually puts one’s shoulder to the plow; one destroys. For some time now our whole European culture has been moving as toward a catastrophe, with a tortured tension that is growing from decade to decade: restlessly, violently, headlong, like a river that wants to reach the end….” (Will to Power) Out, out, brief candle! Life’s but a walking shadow, a poor player That struts and frets his hour upon the stage And then is heard no more; it is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, Signifying nothing. Macbeth

Albert Camus dissociated himself from the existentialists but acknowledged man’s lonely condition in the universe. His “man of the absurd” (or absurd hero) rejects despair and commits himself to the anguish and responsibility of living as best he can. Basically, man creates himself through the choices he makes. There are no guides for these choices, but he has to make them anyway, which renders life absurd.

“You will never be happy if you continue to search for what happiness consists of. You will never live if you are looking for the meaning of life.” “It was previously a question of finding out whether or not life had to have a meaning to be lived. It now becomes clear, on the contrary, that it will be lived all the better if it has no meaning.”