Mayfield Publishing Company Weight Management Basics  55% of American adults are overweight  22% of American adults are obese  One of the most serious and widespread challenges to health and wellness in the United States

Mayfield Publishing Company Health Risks of Obesity  Major risk factor for heart disease  Increased risk of CVD, hypertension, gallbladder disease, diabetes  Associated with certain types of cancer  Complications in pregnancy  Respiratory problems  Joint disease Image source:

Mayfield Publishing Company Increased Risk of High Blood Pressure During Pregnancy _ First pregnancy in women under age 17 or over age 35. _ A family history of high blood pressure. _ Pregnancy with twins or triplets. _ Poor diets during pregnancy. _ Overweight or obese. _ Smokers. _ Other health problems, such as blood vessel conditions, kidney disease, diabetes, etc.

Mayfield Publishing Company Factors Influencing Obesity  Genetic – genes influence body size and shape, body fat distribution, and metabolic rate  Environmental – lifestyle choices  Metabolism and energy balance – energy in (as food) versus energy out (resting metabolism, energy to digest food, physical activity)

Mayfield Publishing Company Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)  RMR accounts for % of daily energy expenditure  Affected by – heredity and environment – gender – lifestyle  Exercise increases RMR

Mayfield Publishing Company Other Explanations for Overweight  Weight cycling  Restrained eating leading to overeating (binge eating)  Psychological, social, cultural factors Image source:

Mayfield Publishing Company Changing Your Energy Balance  For weight loss, a negative calorie balance must be created by expending more calories than are consumed  Increasing physical activity increases calories expended  Changing diet can decrease calories consumed

Mayfield Publishing Company Dietary Guidelines for Weight Management  Control consumption of calories, fat, sugar, protein  Monitor portion sizes  Increase intake of complex carbohydrates  Develop regular eating habits

Mayfield Publishing Company Equal Calories Different Portions _ 1 Scone (7¾ oz) 700 calories 700 calories _ 1½ oz (dry weight) oatmeal with peaches 170 cal _ English muffin with jam 150 cal _ Cherries 80 cal _ Corn flakes with banana 160 cal _ 2 slices light toast w/marmalade 100 cal _ Orange & pineapple 40 cal _ TOTAL = 700 calories Shapiro, H. M. (2000)

Mayfield Publishing Company Equal Calories Different Portions 700 calories Source: Dr. Shapiro’s Perfect Weight Loss (2000)

Mayfield Publishing Company Lifestyle Factors  Diet and eating habits  Physical activity and exercise – regular physical activity  Thoughts and emotions – positive self-image  Coping strategies – dealing with the stresses and challenges of life

Mayfield Publishing Company Strategies for Weight Management  Doing it alone  Diet books  Diet aids  Commercial programs  Prescription drugs  Surgery  Psychotherapy Image source:

Mayfield Publishing Company Body Image  Picture of the body as seen through the mind’s eye – Negative body image can cause significant psychological distress  Eating disorders characterized by dissatisfaction with body image and body weight – anorexia nervosa – bulimia nervosa – binge-eating disorder Image source: ad #564 from Gucci's "Sponsor Starving Models by Buying our Clothes" advertising campaign.

Mayfield Publishing Company Anorexia Nervosa _ In January 1983 thirty- two-year-old singer Karen Carpenter died as a result of complications from anorexia nervosa. Her death made the eating disorder well known to the American public.

Mayfield Publishing Company Bulimia Nervosa _ Purging Type: Individual regularly engages in self-induced vomiting or the misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas to lose weight _ Nonpurging Type: Individual uses compensatory behaviors, such as fasting or excessive exercise, but is not regularly engaged in self- induced vomiting or the misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas to lose weight.

Mayfield Publishing Company Bulimia Facts _ Five million Americans suffer from eating disorders. _ Twenty-eight percent of bulimia cases are first diagnosed during dental examinations. _ Fifteen percent of young women have substantially disordered eating attitudes and behaviors. _ Two to three percent of adolescent women develop bulimia.

Mayfield Publishing Company Binge-Eating Disorder Individuals with serious binge eating problems often _ feel their eating is out of control _ eat what most people would think is an unusually large amount of food _ eat much more quickly than usual during binge episodes eat until so full they are uncomfortable

Mayfield Publishing Company Binge-Eating Disorder _ eat large amounts of food, even when they are not really hungry _ eat alone because they are embarrassed about the amount of food they eat _ feel disgusted, depressed, or guilty after overeating.

Mayfield Publishing Company Guidelines for Healthy Weight Management  Assess motivation and commitment  Set reasonable goals  Assess current energy balance  Increase level of physical activity  Make changes in diet and eating habits  Put plan into action Image source: