School Integration

14 th Amendment  Rights were guaranteed privileges and immunities of citizenship, due to the process and equal protection  Passed by the Congress on June 13, 1866  Ratified July 9, 1868  The 14 th Amendment was ratified in 1868 to protect the rights of native-born Black Americans, whose rights were being denied as recently-freed slaves  Granted citizenship to children of illegal alien mothers  Prevent state governments from ever denying citizenship to blacks born in the United States

 Started has a enforcement measure of the 13 th amendment  After the 14 th amendment passed on not having segregation and the battle between Plessey vs. Ferguson was into our favor  When Oliver L. Brown fought against the board of education stating school segregation “violates the 14th amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which guarantees all citizens equal protection of the laws”  The supreme court favored in Brown, striking down the “separate but equal doctrines of Plessey vs. Ferguson and Brown vs. Board of education  Brown v. Board of Education was not the first challenge to school segregation  As early as 1849, African Americans filed suit against an educational system that mandated racial segregation, in the case of Roberts v. City of Boston.

 Brown initiated educational and social reform throughout the United States  Some areas readily embraced integration after Brown  Northern school districts had to resort to busing as a means to achieving integration  Integration of the public schools was an important step towards equality among all the races.  One of the most famous cases involved Little Rock's Central High School, where Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus joined local whites in resisting integration by dispatching the Arkansas National Guard to block the nine black students from entering the school

Proposal  The definition of proposal is the act of offering or suggesting something for acceptance, adoption, or performance.  The Congress proposed the Fourteenth Amendment.  The proposal took place on June 13, 1866.

 The definition of ratification is to confirm by expressing consent, approval, or formal sanction.  On July 9, /4 th of the states ratified the Amendment.  Many states rejected the Amendment, however in 2003, the Amendment had been ratified by every state in the Union.

State Ratification Dates  Connecticut (June 25, 1866)  New Hampshire (July 6, 1866)  Tennessee (July 19, 1866)  New Jersey (September 11, 1866)  Oregon (September 19, 1866)  Vermont (October 30, 1866)  Ohio (January 4, 1867)*  New York (January 10, 1867)  Kansas (January 11, 1867)  Illinois (January 15, 1867)  West Virginia (January 16, 1867)  Michigan (January 16, 1867)  Minnesota (January 16, 1867)  Maine (January 19, 1867)  Nevada (January 22, 1867)  Indiana (January 23, 1867)  Missouri (January 25, 1867)  Rhode Island (February 7, 1867)  Wisconsin (February 7, 1867)  Pennsylvania (February 12, 1867)  Massachusetts (March 20, 1867)  Nebraska (June 15, 1867)  Iowa (March 16, 1868)  Arkansas (April 6, 1868)  Florida (June 9, 1868)  North Carolina (July 4, 1868, after having rejected it on December 14, 1866)  Louisiana (July 9, 1868, after having rejected it on February 6, 1867)  South Carolina (July 9, 1868, after having rejected it on December 20, 1866)  Alabama (July 13, 1868, the date the ratification was "approved" by the governor)  Georgia (July 21, 1868, after having rejected it on November 9, 1866)  Oregon (withdrew October 15, 1868)  Virginia (October 8, 1869, after having rejected it on January 9, 1867)  Mississippi (January 17, 1870)  Texas (February 18, 1870, after having rejected it on October 27, 1866)  Delaware (February 12, 1901, after having rejected it on February 7, 1867)  Maryland (1959)  California (1959)  Oregon (1973)  Kentucky (1976, after having rejected it on January 8, 1867)  New Jersey (2003, after having rescinded on February 20, 1868)  Ohio (2003, after having rescinded on January 15, 1868)

PLESSEY VS. FERGUSON The separate Car act Violation Cases Between Homer Plessey and John Ferguson

Plessey and the Violation  In 1890 Louisiana pass the Separate Cars Act  In 1892 Homer Plessey violated this act when he sat in the white first class coach  Homer Plessey was a man of 7/8 white blood and 1/8 African blood

The Trial  The Supreme Court Strategy by (lawyer) Plessey was not under protection under the 14 th amendment Plessey did violate the 13 th amendment  Eight of the justices deigned that these amendments were relevant

 African’s were politically equal but not socially equal  Explains why they deigned the 13 th and 14 th amendments  13 th amendment  14 amendment granted once enslaved citizenship

Brown Vs. Board of Education

Fourteenth Amendment applies to Brown v. Board of Education  People were supposed to be treated equal regardless their race.  The case was brought up because African American students were not treated equal at schools.  Not treating African American students fair was against equal rights.

Brown v. Board of Education Beginning LLinda Brown a 3 rd grade African American  She went to an all black school in Topeka, Kansas TThe white school was closer to her school than the all black school TThe all white was also better than the all black school Better supplies and classes were not overcrowded

Brown v. Board of Education Lawsuit  The lawsuit started in 1951 and ended in 1954  Oliver Brown started the lawsuit and later added thirteen other parents  The lawsuit started because the parent were not allowed to enroll their children in a white school  Oliver first went to the NAACP to hire a lawyer

Brown v. Board of Education Court  The case was lost at state  Went to United States Supreme Court on October 1, 1951  December 9, 1952 was the 1 st day they heard from the lawyers  Supreme Court justices died  Started case back up and it was closed on May 17, 1954  Linda Brown and the others won

Ruby Bridges Born September 8, 1954 Walking out of William Frantz Elementary School, Fall 1960

The Problem We All Live With  Spring Ruby Bridges was one of several African- American kindergarteners in New Orleans to take a test to determine which children would be the first to attend integrated schools. Six students were chosen; only Bridges was assigned to William Frantz  November 14 th,1960 – first day schools were integrated Only Barbara Henry, from Boston, Massachusetts, was willing to teach Bridges, and for over a year Mrs. Henry taught her alone, "as if she were teaching a whole class." That first day, Bridges and her adult companions spent the entire day in the principal's office; the chaos of the school prevented their moving to the classroom until the second day

"Driving up I could see the crowd, but living in New Orleans, I actually thought it was Mardi Gras. There was a large crowd of people outside of the school. They were throwing things and shouting, and that sort of goes on in New Orleans at Mardi Gras.“ -Ruby Bridges

Fourteenth Amendment  Section. 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws 

Affirmative Action an active effort to improve the employment or educational opportunities of members of minority groups and women

 The fourteenth amendment guarantees equal protection under the law and affirmative action ensures that those who were discriminated against in the past are now receiving equal opportunity (the minorities ). Critics feel that affirmative action violates violate the principle that all individuals are equal under the law.

School integration Incorporates Affirmative action