The Chemistry of Carbon Organic chemistry is the study of all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms. Carbon atoms have four valence electrons that can join with the electrons from other atoms to form strong covalent bonds. Living organisms are made of molecules that consist of carbon (C) and other elements (H, O, N, P, S). Just remember CHONPS. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Macromolecules Macromolecules Macromolecules are formed by a process known as polymerization. The smaller units, or monomers, join together to form polymers. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Macromolecules Monomers in a polymer may be identical, or the monomers may be different. When small molecules called monomers join together, they form polymers, or large molecules. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Macromolecules Four groups of organic compounds found in living things are: carbohydrates lipids nucleic acids Proteins NOTE: We also call these Biomolecules Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. C:H:O = 1:2:1 ratio Examples:C6H12O6 and C11H22011 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Carbohydrates What is the function of carbohydrates? Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Carbohydrates Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy. Plants and some animals also use carbohydrates for structural purposes. The breakdown of sugars, such as glucose, supplies immediate energy for all cell activities. Living things store extra sugar as complex carbohydrates: starch & glycogen. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Carbohydrates Single sugar molecules are monosaccharides. monosaccharides are the monomer Examples are glucose, galactose (a component of milk), and fructose (found in many fruits). The large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides are called polysaccharides. Polysaccharides are the polymer Examples are starches in plants; glycogen in animals Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Carbohydrates Starches and sugars are examples of carbohydrates that are used by living things as a source of energy. Starch Starches and sugars are examples of carbohydrates that are used by living things as a source of energy. Starches form when sugars join together in a long chain. Glucose Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
(a) The structure of the chitin monomer. CH2OH OH H NH C CH3 (b) Chitin forms the exoskeleton of arthropods. This cicada is molting, shedding its old exoskeleton and emerging in adult form. (c) Chitin is used to make a strong and flexible surgical thread that decomposes after the wound or incision heals. Figure 5.10 A–C Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Lipids Lipids Lipids are generally not soluble in water. Lipids are made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms and very little oxygen. Examples are fats, oils, waxes and steroids The monomers of a lipid are: 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids The polymer is called a tri-glyceride Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Lipids What is the function of lipids? Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Lipids Lipids can be used to store energy. Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Lipids If each carbon atom in a lipid’s fatty acid chains is joined to another carbon atom by a single bond, the lipid is said to be saturated. The term saturated is used because the fatty acids contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms (no double bonds). Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Lipids If there is at least one carbon-carbon double bond in a fatty acid, it is unsaturated. Lipids whose fatty acids contain more than one double bond are polyunsaturated. Lipids that contain unsaturated fatty acids tend to be liquid at room temperature. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus. Nucleic acids are polymers assembled from individual monomers known as nucleotides. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleic Acids Nucleotides consist of three parts: a 5-carbon sugar (either ribose or deoxyribose) a phosphate group a nitrogenous base Individual nucleotides can be joined by covalent bonds to form a nucleic acid. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information. The monomers that make up a nucleic acid are nucleotides. Each nucleotide has a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleic Acids What is the function of nucleic acids? Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information. Two kinds of nucleic acids are RNA (ribonucleic acid) & DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA contains the sugar ribose and is a single strand. DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose and is a double strand. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Proteins Proteins are also called polypeptides Proteins are macromolecules that contain, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, nitrogen and some sulfur. Proteins are polypeptides (the polymers) made up of monomers called amino acids. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Proteins Amino acids are compounds with an amino group (-NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group (-COOH) on the other end. Amino acids are the monomers of proteins. All amino acids have an amino group at one end and a carboxyl group at the other end. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
A protein… a chain of amino acids hooked together by bonds Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Proteins What is the function of proteins? Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Proteins Some proteins control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes— enzymes, hormones. Some proteins are used to form bones and muscles. Other proteins transport substances into or out of cells or help to fight disease-- antibodies. You are build of and run by proteins!!! Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall