B. Insect/machine combinations

C. Synthetic Transplants

D. Animal Surrogate Transplants

E. Engineered Plants/Animals

Types of Biotechnology Applications

1. Blue Biotechnology -Marine and aquatic applications -rare

2. Green Biotechnology -agricultural applications -micropropagation -transgenic plants (Round- up ready beans, Bt Corn)

3. Red Biotechnology -Medical applications Ex. Antibiotics, genetic manipulations

4. White Biotechnology -Industrial applications Ex. Catalysts and enzymes

Review of the Cell and Chemistry

Basic Organic Chemistry Monomer: a subunit of a larger macromolecue Polymer: a large macromolecule made of monomers

4 Most Important Biological Polymers

1. Lipids: greasy compounds that do not dissolve in water Monomer: fatty acids Important Lipids: 1.Steroids 2.Phospholipids: cell membrane

2. Carbohydrates: twice the hydrogen atoms as oxygen Monomer: monosaccharides: simple sugars (C6H12O6) Disaccharides: 12 carbon, double sugars Polysaccharides: chain of monosaccharides (cellulose; starch)

3. Proteins: polymer of many amino acids

4. Nucleic Acids: -Monomers: -Large macromolecules found in the nucleus of cells -Contain genetic information -Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) -Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) -Four bases: Adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), Guanine (G)

Cell Theory – 3 postulates 1.All cells come from pre-existing cells 2.Cells are the basic unit of life 3.All living organisms are composed of cells

Two Types of Cells 1.Prokaryotic Cells: small simple cells -lack a nucleus -DNA called chromatin 2. Eukaryotic Cells: complex cells -membrane bound nucleus -DNA in nucleus -complex organelles

Cell Organelles: Cell’s “organs”

1. Cell Membrane: FX: regulates what enters/leaves the cell -phospholipid bi-layer -

2. Nucleus: FX: 1. store DNA 2. control center of the cell

3. Cytoplasm: gel like substance in the cell FX: site of all cell activities

4. Endoplasmic Reticulum Two Types 1.Rough ER: makes and transport proteins (has ribosomes) 2.Smooth ER: transport proteins, makes steroids

5. Ribosomes: small organelles FX: produce proteins -500,000 per cell

6. Mitochondria: rod shaped; double membrane FX: Produce energy molecules – adenosine triphosphate (ATP) “Powerhouse” of the cell

7. Golgi Apparatus: flat sacs FX: Package, sort, and transport proteins

8. Lysosome: FX: to break down foreign contaminants Filled with enzymes

9. Microtubules FX: support the cell shape Cytoskeleton

10. Centrioles: Cylindrical structures FX: assist in cell division

Other Organelles -Chloroplast: used for capturing sunlight for photosynthesis -Cilia: small hair like structures used for movement -Flagella: “tail” used for locomotion

Cellular Respiration -set of metabolic reactions -Produces ATP (adenosine triphosphate) -breaks down carbs Major Components: A.Glycolysis B.Krebs Cycle C.Electron Transport D.Oxidative Phosphorylation

Glycolysis -occurs in cytoplasm -aerobic or anaerobic Net Reaction: Glucose  2 pyruvate  2 ATP

Krebs Cycle -Takes pyruvate -Creates electron carriers -Produces NADH, FADH2, NADPH -Occurs in mitochondria

Electron Transport Chain -Moves electrons through mitochondrial membrane -Uses protienaceous electron carriers -Used to move protons out of mitochonria -Produces chemical gradient -Moves ATP synthetase

Oxidative Phosphorylation -Requires Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate -Protons cause ATP Synthase to bond ADP and Pi together