Network Media—Copper Core Cable 2 Network Media—Copper Core Cable

Objectives Match the five forms of electronic signals to the media types on which they travel. Differentiate between analog and digital signals. Summarize the two methods of data transmission: Broadband and Baseband. Compare simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex communication.

Objectives Recall the meaning of electronic terms resistance, impedance, reflected loss, and crosstalk. Recall the characteristics of the 802.3 classifications. Identify the various types of wiring faults.

Grades © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Labs © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Network Media

Analog and Digital Signals Analog signal—electronic signal that varies in values Series of slopes

Analog and Digital Signals Digital signal—electronic signal that has discrete values. Rises and falls sharply at right angles; on and off, high and low

Frequency How electronic signals are measured

Attenuation Loss of signal strength All signals degenerate, lose amplitude Amplitude - The maximum voltage of electronic signal Amplitude can be increased with an amplifier

Latency Amount of time it takes for signal to travel from source to destination If latency exceeds its Time to Live (TTL), it will be removed from network

Data Transmission Bandwidth - measurement of the network media’s ability to carry data. Higher bandwidth = more data carried Measured in hertz (Hz)

Interference Undesired electromagnetic signal, distorts Can be picked up from motors, fluorescent lights, transformers… “noise”

Interference Crosstalk Interference from neighboring conductors inside the wire’s jacket Unwanted signals need to be removed, or filtered

Crosstalk Measurements Measured in decibels (dB) A unit of measurement that expresses the relationship of power between two forces Near-End Crosstalk (NEXT) A measurement of reflected loss at the near end or input end of a cable. Far-End Crosstalk (FEXT) A measurement of reflected loss at the far end or out put end of a cable

Crosstalk Measurements Equal Level Far-End Crosstalk (ELFEXT) A measurement calculated by measuring the effects of attenuation from the far end crosstalk measurement Alien Crosstalk (AXT) A measurement of noise introduced outside the cable jacket, typically caused by other network cables in close proximity.

Index Cards 1. Draw a large plus on one side, a large minus on the other 2. + side: write down the term you understand best. Explain in your own words what this term consists of. 3. – side: write down term you feel unclear about and questions you have about it 4. Share your plus and minus with 2-3 classmates © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Data Transmission Baseband—One digital signal Data that is transmitted in digital signal using the entire bandwith of cable Broadband—Multiple analog signals Transmitting data in the form of analog signals at the same time.

Data Transmission Simplex—One direction Communication Example: Television station to television Full-duplex—Bi-directional and simultaneous communication between two devices. Example: Communication via telephone Half-duplex— Bi-directional communication that can only occur one direction at a time. Example: Communication via Walkie-talkie

Data Transmission (Cont.)

Direct and Alternating Current Alternating current alternates between negative and positive charge Direct current is in one steady direction

Resistance and Impedance The longer the conductor, the greater the resistance (DC) and impedance (AC) Impedance increases as frequency increases Impedance decreases quality of data

Reflected Loss Transmitted in full-duplex mode Great amounts can disrupt communication

Crosstalk Type of interference Occurs when one pair of conductors imposes a signal on another pair of parallel conductors Created by magnetic induction An electrical phenomenon of current jumping from one conductor to another Network conductors, such as twisted pair, limit the effects by reducing contact between conductors

Copper Core Cable AWG rating Describes the conductors diameter

Plenum-Rated Copper Core Cable

Coaxial Cable

Coaxial Connectors

Coaxial Cable Classifications Common Name Impedance Actual Size in Diameter Description RG-6 Broadband 75 Ω 0.332 Used for Cable TV. RG-8 Thicknet 50 Ω 0.405 Used for Ethernet networks. RG-11 Thick Coax 0.475 Used for Cable TV trunk lines. RG-58 Thinnet 0.195 RG-59 CATV 0.242 Used for Cable TV and sometimes ARCnet. RG-62 Baseband 93 Ω 0.249 Used for ARCnet.

Twisted Pair Consists of four pairs of twisted conductors First introduced by telephone company Seven categories Classified as UTP (unshielded twisted pair) and STP (shielded twisted pair)

UTP Cable

Twisted Pair Categories

Twisted Pair Categories (Cont.)

IEEE 802.3 Classifications Category Classification Data Rate Maximum Segment Length Minimum Segment Length Cable Type Topology 10 Mbps 10Base2 185 m 0.5 m RG-58 Bus 10Base5 500 m 2.5 m RG-8 10BaseT 100 m 0.6 m Category 3, 4, and 5 Star Fast Ethernet 100BaseT4 100 Mbps 100BaseTX Category 5 Gigabit Ethernet 1000BaseCX 1000 Mbps 25 m 100BaseT Category 5e 10GBaseT 10 Gbps 55 m Category 6 Category 6a

Terminating Resistor Must be electrically grounded at one end to prevent interference

10BaseT 100-Meter Rule The 100-meter length ensures that the cable on the network should not exceed 100 meters Repeater may be used to extend distance

Hub Daisy-Chain Configuration

Hub Cascade Configuration

IEEE 802.3 Media Access CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection) ensures data delivery Workstation listens for traffic on network When network is silent, workstation transmits data If another workstation transmits data at same time, collision occurs Both workstations wait before retransmitting

IEEE 802.3 Wiring Connections 568A and 568B—Main twisted pair cable termination standards Straight-through and crossover—Common classifications of assembly Automatic Medium Dependent Interface Crossover (Auto-MDIX)—New standard introduced by HP

IEEE 802.3 Wiring Connections

RJ-45 Connector Contains eight pins inside plastic housing Conductor pairs are untwisted so that each conductor can be inserted into one of the pin areas

Rollover Cable Uses an RJ-45 connector on each cable end Cisco rollover cable uses an RJ-45 on one end and a DB-9 serial cable on the other

Applied Networking What would happen if you used a crossover cable to connect access port 2X to a workstation?

Applied Networking On the hub shown, the cable connected to the Uplink port is a straight-through cable. If you were connecting this hub to another hub, would you connect the cable to the other hub’s Uplink port or to one of its access ports?

Applied Networking You have added a third workstation and a hub to an existing network of two workstations. The original workstations were connected to each other via a crossover cable. For all three workstations to communicate, you have connected them to the hub. However, when the network is running, you notice that a light above one of the access ports on the hub is lit red. What could be the problem?

Power over Ethernet (PoE) Cable used must be Cat 5 or better Two pairs of cables used for network communication, one pair used for electrical power Common PoE application is building and area security when electrical power is not available

IEEE 802.5 Describes Token Ring networks Uses the token passing media access method Configured in a ring topology

Token Ring Network Using Twisted Pair Cable

Wiring Faults Data cannot reach its destination Short Open Ground

Twisted Pair Wiring Fault Common problems that can occur when installing connectors on twisted pair cables Reversed pair Crossed pair Split pair

Applied Networking An analog signal produces 1000 cycles per second. What is the frequency of this signal? 1000 1000 cycles per second 1 second Frequency (Hz)

Review A digital signal produces 200 cycles per second. What is the frequency of this signal? 200 200 cycles per second 1 second Frequency (Hz)

Review Name three cable-based media types. Coaxial cable Twisted pair cable Fiber-optic cable

Review Which of the following electronic signals are used by wireless devices? Electrical energy Infrared Light waves Microwave Radio waves B, D, and E

Review Which of the following describes a digital signal? A discrete value that is either on or off A series of slopes Rises and falls sharply at right angles 0 volts or 5 volts Varies in value A, C, D

Review For a 10 Gigabyte Ethernet network that you anticipate having a maximum segment length of 100 meters, which twisted pair cable type will you use? Cat 5 Cat 5e Cat 6 Cat 6a D. Cat 6a

Review For a gigabyte Ethernet network that you anticipate having a maximum segment length of 100 meters, which twisted pair cable type will you use? Cat 5 Cat 5e Cat 6 Cat 6a B. Cat 5e

Review The opposition to direct current is _____. Crosstalk Impedance Reflected loss Resistance D. Resistance

Review The opposition to alternating current is _____. Crosstalk Impedance Reflected loss Resistance B. Impedance

Review The amount of signal reflected from the end of a cable is _____. Crosstalk Impedance Reflected loss Resistance C. Reflected loss

Review Interference that comes from neighboring conductors inside a wire’s insulating jacket is called _____. Crosstalk Impedance Reflected loss Resistance A. Crosstalk

Review To add a workstation to an existing 100BaseTX Ethernet network, which twisted pair cable type will you use to connect the workstation to the existing network switch? Cat 5 Cat 5e Cat 6 Cat 6a A. Cat 5

Review The connection in the illustration is using the _____ standard. 568B B. 568B

Review The connection in the illustration is using the _____ standard. 568B A. 568A

Review A straight-through patch cable has two of its twisted pair conductors not making contact with the RJ-45 pins. What type of cable fault will occur when the patch cable is installed? Ground Open Short B. Open

Review An F-connector is attached at each end of a stranded core RG-6 cable. At one of the cable ends, many of the cable core strands came unraveled and are making contact with the connector and braided shield. What type of cable fault will occur when this cable is installed? Ground Open Short A. Ground

Review The _____ method of transmission uses the entire bandwidth of a cable. Baseband Broadband A. Baseband

Review The _____ method of transmission can transmit several analog signals at the same time. Baseband Broadband B. Broadband

Review Which of the following is an example of full-duplex communication? Communicating using a Push-to-Talk telephone system Communicating using cell phones A satellite delivering a television program to a satellite dish B. Communicating using cell phones

Review Which of the following is an example of simplex communication? Communicating using a Push-to-Talk telephone system Communicating using cell phones A satellite delivering a television program to a satellite dish C. A satellite delivering a television program to a satellite dish

Review Which of the following is an example of half-duplex communication? Communicating using a Push-to-Talk telephone system Communicating using cell phones A satellite delivering a television program to a satellite dish A. Communicating using a Push-to-Talk telephone system

Glossary 1000BaseCX An IEEE 802.3 classification that specifies a data rate of 1 Gbps, the use of Category 5 cable, a maximum segment length of 25 meters, and a minimum segment length of 0.6 meters. 1000BaseT An IEEE 802.3 classification that specifies a 1-Gbps data rate using all four pairs of Category 5e cable, a maximum segment length of 100 meters, and a minimum segment length of 0.6 meters. Also known as Gigabit Ethernet.

Glossary 100BaseT4 An IEEE 802.3 classification that specifies the use of all four pairs of Category 3, 4, or 5 cable and a data rate of 100 Mbps. 100BaseTX An IEEE 802.3 classification that specifies the use of Category 5e cable on pairs 1 and 2 only. It is configured in a star topology and has a data rate of 100 Mbps.

Glossary 10Base2 10Base5 10BaseT An IEEE 802.3 classification that specifies the use of RG-58 (thinnet) cable and a data rate of 10 Mbps. 10Base5 An IEEE 802.3 classification that specifies the use of RG-8 (thicknet) and a data rate of 10 Mbps. 10BaseT An IEEE 802.3 classification that specifies the use of Category 3, 4, and 5 UTP cable. It is arranged in a star topology, follows the 100-meter rule, and has a data rate of 10 Mbps.

Glossary 10GBaseT Alien Crosstalk (AXT) Amplifier An IEEE 802.3 classification that specifies a data rate of 10 Gbps at a distance of 100 meters using unshielded Category 6a cable or a distance of 55 meters using Category 6 cable. Also known as 10 Gigabit Ethernet or 10BbT. Alien Crosstalk (AXT) A measurement of the noise introduced outside the cable jacket, typically caused by other network cables in close proximity. Amplifier An electronic device designed to raise a signal’s amplitude.

Glossary Amplitude Analog signal Attenuation The maximum voltage, or height, of an electronic signal. Analog signal An electronic signal that varies in values. Attenuation The loss of signal strength. Automatic Medium-Dependent Interface Crossover (Auto-MDIX) An electronic chip technology incorporated into Gigabit Ethernet devices to automatically reassign pin functions and eliminate the need for a crossover cable.

Glossary AWG rating Bandwidth Baseband Broadband A rating that describes the size of a conductor’s diameter. Bandwidth A measurement of the network media’s ability to carry data. Baseband A method of transmitting data in the form of a digital signal, using the entire bandwidth of a cable. Broadband A method of transmitting data in the form of several analog signals at the same time.

Glossary Coaxial cable Crossed pair Crosstalk A type of cable that consists of a copper core conductor surrounded by an insulator referred to as a dielectric. Also called coax. Crossed pair A wiring fault that occurs when one of each of two cable pairs has become part of the other pair’s connection. Crosstalk Interference that comes from neighboring conductors inside a wire’s insulating jacket.

Glossary CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection) A media access method used in Ethernet networks. Decibel (dB) A unit of measurement that expresses the relationship of power between two electrical forces. Digital signal An electronic signal that has discrete values.

Glossary Equal Level Far-End Crosstalk (ELFEXT) A measurement calculated by subtracting the effects of attenuation from the Far-End Crosstalk (FEXT) measurement. Far-End Crosstalk (FEXT) A measurement of reflective loss at the far end, or output end, of a cable. Far-end losses are expressed in decibels.

Glossary Frequency Full-duplex The number of cycles of an electronic signal that occur in 1 second. It is measured in Hertz (Hz). Full-duplex Communication that occurs bi-directionally and simultaneously between two devices. An example of full-duplex communication is communication via telephone.

Glossary Ground Half-duplex Impedance Interference A wiring fault that occurs when a conductor connects to the earth through a continuous path. Half-duplex Communication that is bi-directional but can only occur in one direction at a time. Impedance The opposition to alternating current. Interference An undesired electromagnetic signal imposed on a desired signal that distorts or corrupts the desired signal.

Glossary Latency Magnetic induction Near-End Crosstalk (NEXT) The amount of time it takes a signal to travel from its source to its destination. Magnetic induction An electrical phenomenon in which the magnetic field encircling a current-carrying conductor induces current in a conductor of close proximity. Also called mutual induction. Near-End Crosstalk (NEXT) A measurement of the reflected loss at the near end, or input end, of a cable. Losses are typically expressed in decibels.

Glossary Network media Noise Open Plenum-rated A general term for all forms of pathways that support network communication. Noise Electromagnetic interference. Open A wiring fault that occurs when the length of a conductor has an open spot. Plenum-rated A rating that means a cable has a special type of insulation that will not give off toxic gases should the cable be consumed by fire.

Glossary Power over Ethernet (PoE) Reflected loss Resistance An IEEE standard that specifies the supply of small amounts of electrical power to network devices such as cameras, IP phones, wireless access points, speakers, and phone or PDA chargers. Reflected loss The amount of signal reflected from the end of a cable. Resistance The opposition to direct current (DC) in a conductor.

Glossary Reversed pair RG-6 RG-8 A wiring fault that occurs when two pairs of a cable assembly have reversed two connections. RG-6 A type of coaxial cable that has become the standard for Cable television (CATV) systems and satellite systems. RG-8 A thick, rigid coaxial cable used in a 10Base5 network. Also called thicknet.

Glossary RG-58 Rollover cable Short A thin, flexible coaxial cable used in a 10Base2 network. Also called thinnet. Rollover cable A special cable where the pin order is completely reversed on one end of the cable. Pin 1 connects to pin 8, pin 2 connects to pin 7, and so on. Short A wiring fault that occurs in cabling when two conductors are improperly connected, resulting in a shorter circuit path.

Glossary Simplex Split pair Terminating resistor Communication that occurs in one direction only. An example of simplex communication is the transmission that occurs between a television station and a television. Split pair A wiring fault that occurs when two pairs of conductors are reversed in connection with another pair. Terminating resistor An electrical device that absorbs electrical signals when they reach the end of a network segment.

Glossary Time to Live (TTL) Twisted pair The maximum amount of time a packet is allowed to circulate through a network before it is destroyed. Twisted pair A type of cable that consists of four pairs of twisted conductors.