Safety Determine conditions where fires and /or explosions can occur.

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Presentation transcript:

Safety Determine conditions where fires and /or explosions can occur. Develop estimates for upper/lower flammability limits in mixtures Utilize inerting to prevent fires/explosions.

Combustion/Fire/Explosion

Where Does Reaction Occur? In gas phase where ignition source, oxygen and fuel coexist. Can be autocatalytic under certain conditions. May not need ignition source if temperature is high enough.

Types of Reactions Slow Oxidation Fire Deflagration/Explosion Energy can be absorbed by surroundings without increase in temperature. Fire Energy released can be dissipated by environment with an increase in temperature to a stable point. Deflagration/Explosion Energy released cannot be fully dissipated by environment and temperature continuously increases.

Definitions Flash Point Temperature Fire Point Temperature Enough fuel exists in air to create a flammable mixture. Will “burn out”. Fire Point Temperature Enough fuel exists in air to create a sustainable flammable mixture. Flammability Limits Volume percent ranges of fuel in air where burning occurs.

LFL Lower Flammability Limit Partial pressure of fuel is too low to keep reaction going UFL Upper Flammability Limit Partial pressure of oxygen is too low to keep reaction going

Sources for LFL/UFL MSDS sheets where data was obtained experimentally. Mixtures of Fuels Can be calculated with known LFL/UFL of all components

Calculating LFL/UFL of Mixtures

20:80 Hexane/Heptane Liquid at 25 oC Assume Liquid is in equilibrium with air in headspace Calculate mole fraction of each component using Raoult’s Law or suitable model. Calculate LFL/UFL of mixture

Temperature Dependence of LFL/UFL

T = 20 oC

Pressure Effects

Flammability Diagrams Compression and Ignition

40% Nitrogen 40% Fuel 20% Oxygen

Original Mixture 40% Nitrogen 40% Fuel 20% Oxygen Dilute with Air

Original Mixture 40% Nitrogen 40% Fuel 20% Oxygen Dilute with Air Air Added Original Fuel

Constructing Flammability Diagram Fuel + zO2  CO2 + H2O 1. Draw Air Line 2. Enter LFL & UFL Determine z LOC = zLFL (use data, if available) UFL LFL

Constructing Flammability Diagram Fuel + zO2  CO2 + H2O Add Stoichiometric Line Get Pure Oxygen LFL and UFL (if available) LOC UFL LFL

Constructing Flammability Diagram Fuel + zO2  CO2 + H2O 7. Construct Curve LOC Flammable Region

Compression of Gases

Acrylic Acid Process Compressor Section

Safety (MSDS) data for hexane Physical data Appearance: colourless liquid Melting point: -95 C Boiling point: 69 C Vapour density: 3 (air = 1) Vapour pressure: 132 mm Hg at 20 C Specific gravity: 0.659 Flash point: -10 F Explosion limits: 1.2% - 7.7% Autoignition temperature: 453 F