 As a society advances it’s need for energy increases: Compared to the daily need of 2000 kilocalories, daily per capita energy use in the US is about 224,000 kilocalories  35.2% for residential/commercial user  38.2% for industry  26.6% for transportation  Electric energy accounts for 36% of all energy used

Dramatic increases in energy use in past 100 yrs That accompanied population growth & economic development

Energy Sources  Main sources of Energy: Coal, Petroleum and Natural Gas account for 80% of World Energy Production  Other sources:  Nuclear (7%), Hydro (2.5%), Geothermal and Wind (0.5%)  Solar, Tidal, Biomass

99 % comes from the sun, 1 % is partitioned this way:

 Energy sources that formed from once living organisms are called Fossil Fuels e.g., oil, gas, coal etc.  The primary source of energy in the present time are the fossil fuels  Oil or petroleum is a mixture of various liquid hydrocarbons (compounds made of hydrogen and carbon). Natural gas is made chiefly of Methane (CH 4 )

 Combustion of fossil fuels = burning Fuel (hydrocarbon, coal)+ Oxygen = Energy (heat) + byproducts (Oxides)

 Time = total reserves ÷ consumption rate  Assumptions about total reserves and consumption rate.  Coal: 1,000 billion tons ÷ 5 billion tons/year = 200 years Coal is the fastest growing energy source in the world, with coal use increasing by 25% for the three-year period ending in December 2004 (BP Statistical Energy Review, June 2005).  Oil: ~50 years  Natural Gas: ~50 years  Assuming current reserves and consumption rates, there will be significant shortages of fossil fuels by Sources: World Energy Review & Others; see Holland & Petersen, 1995.

 Oil crisis very soon as fossil fuels run out  Dramatic consequences for the climate

 Between 1970 and 1997 consumption doubled  Between 1997 and 2020 : projected rise another 60%  Projected to rise 120% in developing Countries  90% of the world’s energy comes from fossil fuel (USA 82%)

 50% of world’s population canot buy fossil fuel  60% of wood consumed is for fuel  Agriculture waste and cow dung (3%)  Fossil fuel : major source of pollution and environmental degradation

Fossil Fuels responsible for environmental pollution Global Climate Change Carbon dioxideCoal>Petroleum>Natural Gas MethaneCoal and petroleum recovery and natural gas pipe leak Acid Deposition Sulfuric Acid and sulfate Form in atmosphere from SO2 Nitric Acid and Nitrates Form from NOx Air QualitySO2 (burning coal and gas), NOx motor vehicles, power ppants), CO, CO, Ozone ParticulatesMetal, carbon soot VOCGasoline burning vehicles EutrophicationFertilizers, motor vehicles

 Traffic jam: ever lasting problem Chariots were banned during busy time in Rome  1900: Horse buggies: several million lbs of dropping Tuberculosis from pathogen carrying dry air-borne dung  In US Motor vehicles contribute: 65% of CO, 33% of NOx, 29% of VOC 25% of greenhouse gases  World: 500 million cars, uses 1/3 rd of oil, emit 25% of carbon dioxide  Average car: 1800 lbs steel, 389 lbs of Iron, 188 lbs of Aluminum, 246 lbs of Plastic – produces as much pollution in manufacturing as in lifetime of operation

 Over half the vehicles were SUVs, minivans, and trucks  Car ownership growing 6X faster than population  Average US citizen uses 9 times more gasoline than global average  Roads continue to be built to solve the “traffic problem”  Emphasis on moving cars not in moving people Europe: smaller cities, 50% of the trips on foot or by bike, 10% use public transport US: 87% trips by cars  US uses 43% of world’s gasoline to propel 5% of world population  56% of the petroleum has to be imported

 1932: GM, Standard oil, Firestone and Mack (Truck) secretly joined to form “National City Lines”  Bought 100 railway and trolley lines in 45 cities and shut them down and tore the tracks  $5000 fine in 1949  Americans turned to highways and private cars – exactly what the conspirators desired

 US Clean Air Act Amendments (1990): mandated to reduce emission from all types of gasoline and diesel burning vehicles  Reduce Hydrocarbon emissions 25-29% Toxic emissions: 20-22% Nox : 9-10%

 Conservation Car pooling Redesign cities to make walking, biking, use of public transport convenient  Reduce CO emissions Modify vehicles to reduce cold engine emissions Add oxygen containing chemical to gasoline  Reduce Ozone formation Fuel traps to reduce evaporation MTBE  ethanol to reduce as oxidant  Inspection and maintenance 10% of vehicles produce 50% of all car emissions  Alternative fuel: Flex fuel vehicles (FFV), Hydrogen fuel cells  Better fuel economy: 27.5 mpg to 35.5 in 2016 (45 mpg in EU)  Low or Zero emission vehicles: California : small % of cars should be low emission and some zero emission (plug-in and hybrids) Hyrogen Fuel Cell