SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 1 SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION Water Pollution Dr. Naeem-uz-Zaman

SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 2 Contents 1.Water and Its Origin 2.Water Properties 3.Types of Water Pollution I.Municipal Water Pollution II.Industrial Water Pollution 4.Water Pollution Parameters I.Total Suspended Solids (TSS) II.Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) III.Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) IV.Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 5.Water Treatment 6.Case Studies

SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 3 Water on Earth Sea Water Fresh Water – Icecaps and Glaciers – Ground Water Lakes Swaps Rivers Subsoil Fresh Water

SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 4

SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 5 Water Footprints

SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 6 Pakistan: Water Scenario Water Available: – Above Surface: 114 Million Acre Feet – Below Surface: 55 Million Acre Feet Water Stressed in 2000 – 1700 m 3 per capita Water Scarce (1000 m 3 per capita) in 2035 – 1500 m 3 per capita in 2002 Two Third water is lost in water courses

SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION m3/sec= 23 Million Gallons/day

SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 8 Water Pollution Waste Water Pollution is monitored for the following: – BODBiological Oxygen Demand – CODChemical Oxygen Demand – TSSTotal Suspended Solids – TDSTotal Dissolved Solids Other characteristics are specific to industries and need to be treated at source.

SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 9 Total Suspended Solids Total suspended solids are the insoluble matter present in waste water. NEQS: ParameterInto inland waterIntro Sewage Treatment Into Sea TSS (mg/l)

SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 10 Mitigation Large size suspended particles can be removed by: – Sedimentation – Filtration: Generally water filtration is carried out in two steps, large size particles are removed by stationary bar screens (generally 50 mm apart) which require manual cleaning. small size particles are removed by mechanically cleaned screens of different types. – Where BOD is removed by activated sludge method, the settled sludge removes a fairly good amount of suspended matter as well.

SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 11 Settling Tank

SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 12 Filtration by Screens

SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 13 Total Dissolved Solids Total dissolved solids present in waste water. Municipal waste water contains Chlorides and Sulfates but there permitted limit is quite high (1,000 ppm) and generally these ions are within the permitted limit. – It is practically impossible to remove chloride ions present in waste water as chloride of common cations are soluble in water. Calcium sulfate has solubility of 1,000 ppm at ambient temperature and sulfate ions can be removed from waste water if they are in excess of this figure, by adding lime to water, however it is rarely done. ParameterInto inland waterIntro Sewage Treatment Into Sea TDS (mg/l)3500

SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 14 Removal Methods – Lime Soda Process: to Remove Ca and Mg however this system does not remove Na and K – Reverse Osmosis – Ion Exchange for Water Softening which replaces Ca and Mg with Na. – Demineralization: This method removes all the ions present in water. – Distillation

SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 15

SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 16 Ion Exchange Method

SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 17 Demineralization

SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 18 Biological Oxygen Demand BOD is a measure of organic matter present in waste water that can be decomposed by bacteria present in waste water. This organic matter comes from kitchen waste and animal and human excreta.

SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 19 Oxygen has a solubility of ppm in water. This oxygen is responsible for all aquatic life. When water contains organic matter, its dissolved oxygen is consumed by bacteria which decomposes organic matter. When water deficient in oxygen with a certain amount of BOD is mixed with a natural water course, all the fish and other living organism present in water is simply killed. – Fresh water streams and rivers are saturated with oxygen as the flowing water renews its surface by agitation and atmospheric oxygen gets dissolved in it. – Stagnant water bodies take longer time to get saturated with oxygen.

SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 20 Removal Method – Activated Sludge Aerobic Anaerobic ParameterInto inland waterIntro Sewage Treatment Into Sea BOD(mg/l)

SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 21 Activated Sludge

SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 22

SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 23 Chemical Oxygen Demand Chemical Oxygen Demand is the measure of total oxygen demand of waste water. This oxygen deficiency may be due to organic matter that is not easily oxidized by bacteria or it may include inorganic chemicals that are reducing agents present in waste water. It is measured by oxidizing water content in acidic conditions by titrating with sodium dichromate.

SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 24 Removal Method – Oxidation of Water Aeration with pure Oxygen/ Ozone Chemical Oxidation: MnO 2, KMnO 4, K 2 Cr2O 7, H 2 O 2 ParameterInto inland waterIntro Sewage Treatment Into Sea TDS (mg/l)3500

SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 25 Aerated Lagoons

SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 26 Treatment Process Typical Water Treatment Plant

SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 27 Solid Liquid Separation Screening Sedimentation – Natural, – Flocculated Dissolved Air Flotation Media Filtration – Sand Bed

SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 28 Chemical Treatment Chemical Precipitation Heavy Metal, Phosphate Removal Iron Sulfate, Iron Chloride, Alum, Lime Activated Carbon Absorption

SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 29 Biological Treatment Aerobic Suspended Growth, Few Hours Process Activated Sludge Processes Aeration; – Surface Aeration, – Submerged Aeration, – Aspirated Aeration Aerobic Attached Growth, – Trickle Filters, Low Rate, High Rate – Rotating Biological Contactors – Packed Bed Reactors, Upword Flow

SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 30 Biological Treatment Anaerobic Processes, (High B O D), :Bio Gas By-Product Suspended Growth – Up Flow – Sludge Blanket Attached Growth – Filter Processes – Expanded Bed Pond Processes – Aerobic, mm deep, deeper if mixed – Anaerobic (10 M Deep – Facultative, Aerobic, Anaerobic in the same pond

SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 31 Kasur Tannery Pollution Control Project Parameter (mg/l)Raw EffluentOver All Reduction Suspended Solids % BOD % COD % Sulfides % Cr % TDS % Sulfates %

SCI-Pak Sustainable and Cleaner production in the manufacturing industries of Pakistan FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 32 Thank You