Matter and Change Chapter 1 Section 1 Page 11 of Notebook

Objectives Define Chemistry Compare and contrast basic research, applied research, and technological development.

Chemistry The study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter and the changes it undergoes. We, the Chemist, ask… – What is that made of? – How does that behave when you change environmental conditions?

Instruments There are many instruments used in chemistry to examine, observe and take measurements of the substances that are studied. Some help us see the very small Some help us take simple measurements

Science and Technology What is Science? Technological (factual) Casting of metals Dying of materials

Science and Technology Philosophical (theoretical) – Greek philosophers – Theories dominated for 2000 years

Science and Technology Experimental Roots – Alchemy Philosophers Stone Immortality Elixir – Discovered chemical substances and techniques Modern Alchemist

Science and Technology Anyone can produce a product with no knowledge of the chemistry involved

Chemical Any substance that has a definite composition. Example – sucrose or cane sugar – Produced by plants during photosynthesis – Composed of atoms Definite composition It is a chemical Knowing properties of chemicals, scientists can determine uses for them

Solving Societies Problems: Scientific Research Applied Research – Work oriented and is used to solve a particular problem Analyze pollutants, food, fuel and drugs Formulate new materials Most Chemist work in this field of research Basic Research – Search of knowledge – Shear joy of knowing – Characterized by the absence of any predictable, marketable product

Solving Societies Problems: Scientific Research George Washington Carver – Applied Chemist – Born into slavery (1860) – Discovered over 300 forms of peanuts, including peanut butter – His purpose was to revitalized South’s economy

Solving Societies Problems: Scientific Research Gertrude Elion – Basic Research Chemist – Studied purines – Discovered many new drugs Malaria, gout, cancer

Matter and its Properties Chapter 1 Section 2

Building Blocks Atoms – the smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element Element – a pure substance made of only one kind of atom – Example – hydrogen, oxygen and carbon Compound – a substance that is made up from the atoms of two or more elements that are chemically bonded – Example – water

Matter is the physical material or “stuff” of the universe. Mass is the measure of the quantity of matter that an object contains. On the microscopic level, matter consists of atoms and molecules. Atoms combine to form molecules. Molecules may consist of the same or different types of atoms. Classification of Matter

States of Matter Matter can be a gas, a liquid, or a solid. Gases have no fixed shape or volume. Gases can be compressed to form liquids. Liquids have no shape, but they do have a volume. Solids are rigid and have a definite shape and volume. Classification of Matter

Classifications of Matter Substance – definite, or fixed, composition that does not vary from one sample to another Mixture – has a variable composition – Homogenous – can’t distinguish between the individual parts (sugar cookie) – Heterogeneous – can distinguish between the individual components (chocolate chip cookie)

Chemical Properties those which the substance shows as it interacts with, or transforms into, other substances such as flammability, corrosiveness Physical Properties those which the substance shows by itself without interacting with another substance such as color, melting point, boiling point, density The Properties of Matter We learn about matter by observing its properties

The Properties of Matter Extensive properties – depend on the amount of matter that is present – Example – volume mass, amount of energy in the substance Intensive properties – do not depend on the amount of matter that is present – Example – melting point, boiling point, density

When a substance undergoes a physical change, its physical appearance changes. Ice melts: a solid is converted into a liquid. Physical changes DO NOT result in a change of composition. Properties of Matter

When a substance changes its composition, it undergoes a chemical change: When pure hydrogen and pure oxygen react completely, they form pure water.

Is iron transforming into rust a physical or chemical change A.Physical B.Chemical Does the substance change composition or just change appearance?

The color of sulfur is yellow.. A.Physical B.Chemical Does the substance change composition or just change appearance?

Dynamite explodes to form a mixture of gases A.Physical B.Chemical Does the substance change composition or just change appearance?

Aluminum melts at 933 K A.Physical B.Chemical Does the substance change composition or just change appearance?

Plants use CO 2 to make sugar A.Physical B.Chemical Does the substance change composition or just change appearance?

Is iron transforming into rust a physical or chemical change A.Physical B.Chemical Does the substance change composition or just change appearance?

The color of sulfur is yellow.. A.Physical B.Chemical Does the substance change composition or just change appearance?

Dynamite explodes to form a mixture of gases A.Physical B.Chemical Does the substance change composition or just change appearance?

Aluminum melts at 933 K A.Physical B.Chemical Does the substance change composition or just change appearance?

Plants use CO 2 to make sugar A.Physical B.Chemical Does the substance change composition or just change appearance?