Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Prof. René Van Grieken and Pilar Ortiz - UA- University of Antwerp - Belgium Educational Toolkit DECAY AND ENVIRONMENT Module 3 Basic Course Teaching Material Topic3.3 Atmosphere and Particles

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Abstract Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Prof. René Van Grieken and Pilar Ortiz - UA- University of Antwerp - Belgium Welcome to Module 3 of ELAICH, You will analyse our atmosphere and the effects of particles. FOLLOW US!!!!!

Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Prof. René Van Grieken and Pilar Ortiz - UA- University of Antwerp - Belgium Solid Pollutant  Aerosols  Particulate matter (e.g. PM10, PM2.5...)  Suspended particulate Atmosphere The classification depends on the size.

Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Prof. René Van Grieken and Pilar Ortiz - UA- University of Antwerp - Belgium Natural source and long distance transport: Sahara dust moving over Western Europe Globally most important natural sources of aerosols: soil dust and sea salt

Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Prof. René Van Grieken and Pilar Ortiz - UA- University of Antwerp - Belgium Natural source and long distance transport: Sahara dust moving over Atlantic Ocean towards America

Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Prof. René Van Grieken and Pilar Ortiz - UA- University of Antwerp - Belgium Natural Emissions: Soil Dust (mineral aerosol) Sea Salt Biological Debris (Primary sources)

Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Prof. René Van Grieken and Pilar Ortiz - UA- University of Antwerp - Belgium Sea salt in the atmosphere Seawater drops are injected into the atmosphere each time an air bubble breaks at the sea Surface, and that is on average once every second and cm² !!! = 1.3 billion tons of seasalt

Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Prof. René Van Grieken and Pilar Ortiz - UA- University of Antwerp - Belgium Cathedral of Cadiz: statues which are less than 100 years old !!! Natural seasalt effects: penetrates in pores expands/shrinks during every wet/dry cycle breaks pores and pulverizes the stone

Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Prof. René Van Grieken and Pilar Ortiz - UA- University of Antwerp - Belgium Severe alveolar granular desintegration (facing the sea) Walls of Rhodos, Greece

Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Prof. René Van Grieken and Pilar Ortiz - UA- University of Antwerp - Belgium Global Biomass Burning (in addition to natural sources: soil dust, sea salt, and other pollution)

Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Prof. René Van Grieken and Pilar Ortiz - UA- University of Antwerp - Belgium 5 – 10 µm 1 – 5 µm < 1 µm PM10 PM2.5 PM1 IMPACT OF FINE DUST ON HEALTH (large aerosol particles are not inhaled!!!)

Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Prof. René Van Grieken and Pilar Ortiz - UA- University of Antwerp - Belgium RECENT DATA USA: 500,000 people in 51 cities: 10 µg/m³ of PM2.5 increases lung cancer by 14%, fatal heart disease by 9% (we find up to 100 µg/m³ in smokers’ homes and 170 µg/m³ in class rooms with carpets, but no higher levels in offices with carpets !) 11,000 (?) people die of PM2.5 every year in Belgium, with 11 million inhabitants (cfr. 9,200 worldwide due to Chernobyl disaster in 22 years) In Belgium, on days with high PM2.5, the speed limit on highways is « automatically » reduced from 120 to 90 km/h (because then diesel cars emit 30% less soot) People in cities live 1.5 years shorter than in countryside (but also regionally !!!!) (cfr. smoking = 10 years of your life) TO THINK ON PARTICLES!!!!!!!

Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Prof. René Van Grieken and Pilar Ortiz - UA- University of Antwerp - Belgium Prof. Rene Van Grieken lives in Antwerp Prof. Pilar Ortiz lives in Seville They are worried. And you?

Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Prof. René Van Grieken and Pilar Ortiz - UA- University of Antwerp - Belgium What is the effect on monuments???? Particles act in sum to sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides to give monuments this blackering aspects. PARTICLES (pollution) have not decreased day to day like SO2…

Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Prof. René Van Grieken and Pilar Ortiz - UA- University of Antwerp - Belgium Soiling by particles of Michelangelo’s Sistene Chapel in Vatican Slide from Dario Camuffo, CNR, Padua NEW INTEREST: Influence of indoor atmospheric particles on works of art

Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Prof. René Van Grieken and Pilar Ortiz - UA- University of Antwerp - Belgium Influence of indoor atmospheric particles on works of art Deposition of aerosol particles  soiling and visual degradation. Chemical reactions (e.g. H 2 SO 4 )  further damage. Potentially harmful compounds: soot, organic particles, S-rich particles, Fe-rich particles, (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4, CaSO 4.

Abstract Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage Prof. René Van Grieken and Pilar Ortiz - UA- University of Antwerp - Belgium Answer in Module 3 of ELAICH our multiple choice questionnaire about particles¡¡¡ FOLLOW US!!!!!