Cell Transport Photosynthesis & Respiration

Solutions Most substances move in and out of cells in a water solution Solution – a liquid mixture of solute and solvent –Solute – something being dissolved –Solvent – What it is being dissolved in

Cell membrane Semi-permeable Key structure in maintaining homeostasis in the cell Homeostasis is the balance a cell maintains between its internal and external environments

Passive Transport Does not require energy Molecules move from a higher concentration to a lower concentration Three kinds: 1.Osmosis –Movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration. 2.Diffusion – molecules move directly through the cell membrane 3.Facilitated Diffusion – Larger molecules need the help of a carrier protein

Hypertonic solution – has higher concentration of solutes outside the cell, H 2 O moves out Isotonic – has equal amounts of solutes Hypotonic – has lower concentration of solute in the cell, H 2 O moves in

Active Transport Moves against gradient (From low to high concentration) Uses energy (ATP) and proteins Types: –Endocytosis – uses vesicles to bring substances into the cell –Exocytosis – Uses vesicles to remove substances from the cell

ATP (Energy Molecule) Provides energy for all cellular processes. Breaking the phosphate bond releases energy Forming the phosphate bond stores energy

The movement of substances into and out of a cell without the use of energy is called: A.Active transport B.Passive transport C.Exocytosis D.Endocytosis The movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration is called: A.Active transport B.Diffusion C.Osmosis D.Hypotonic A cell placed in a solution shrinks by the process of osmosis. What kind of solution is outside the cell? A.Hypotonic B.Hypertonic C.Active D.Isotonic If the solution surrounding a cell has a lower concentration of solutes than inside the cell, water will move into the cell through osmosis, causing it to expand. What kind of solution is surrounding the cell? A.Active B.Passive C.Hypertonic D.Hypotonic

If a plant cell is placed in distilled water, it will: A.Remain the same size B.Shrink C.Swell and eventually explode D.Swell, but stop when the cell wall prevents further expansion When you perspire on a hot, humid day, drinking water will restore ______ in your body. A.Substances B.Oxygen C.Homeostasis D.Proteins The ability of the cell to rid itself of waste products is called: Excretion Elimination Voiding Absorption

When more water goes in through a cell membrane than out of it, the solution around the membrane is: Isotonic Hypotonic Permeable Hypertonic Amoebas obtain food by wrapping the cell membrane around the food particle, creating a vesicle. The food is then brought into the cell. This process is called: Exocytosis Endocytosis Osmosis Photosynthesis

Cell Energy Photosynthesis and Respiration are important processes in the formation of ATP Glucose traps energy from sunlight and using elements from the environment, converts it into glucose which is a form of chemical energy. Respiration breaks the glucose into ATP which is the form of chemical energy that the cell can use.

Photosynthesis Takes place in chloroplasts (plastid) Goal of photosynthesis is to make complex carbohydrates like glucose, starch, and cellulose 2 stages: –Light-dependant - on the thylakoid membrane –Light-independent (Calvin cycle) – In the stroma LIGHT

Cellular Respiration Process of breaking down food to get energy –Used by plants animals and some bacteria 2 kinds: –Aerobic – when oxygen is present –Anaerobic– when oxygen is absent

Aerobic Respiration Aerobic respiration is the most efficient process, 66% of energy is released from glucose. (38 ATP) The mitochondria is the cell organelle used in this process.

Anaerobic Respiration = Fermentation Breakdown of sugar without oxygen –Muscle cells, fungi and some bacteria Start with glycolysis and then either make alcohol or lactic acid Produces the least amount of ATP, only 2 are produced during glycolysis Occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell

Photosynthesis vs. Respiration Plants, some algae, bacteria Chloroplast Main product –Glucose Factors Effecting –Temperature –pH –Light intensity All organisms carry on respiration Mitochondria Main product –ATP Factors Effecting –Oxygen levels –pH –Temperature

What form of energy is used by cells? A.Enzymes B.Cofactors C.ATP D.DNA The process of releasing energy from the chemical breakdown of compounds in a cell is: A.Hesitation B.Expiration C.Elimination D.Respiration What is released when ATP is broken down into ADP and one phosphate? A.Oxygen B.Water C.Energy D.Hydrogen The Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain phases of cellular respiration take place in which organelle? A.Nucleus B.Cytoplasm C.Ribosome D.Mitochondrion

The process by which energy from the sun is used to create glucose molecules is known as: A.Cellular respiration B.Photosynthesis C.Chemosynthesis D.Fermentation To obtain and use cellular energy, plant cells use which process below? A.Photosynthesis only B.Photosynthesis and cellular respiration C.Cellular respiration only D.Chemosynthesis Cellular respiration takes place inside which type(s) of cell(s)? An animal cell only A plant cell only Both plant and animal cells Neither plant or animal cells How is cellular energy stored? Chemical bonds Enzymes Membrane potential Protein shapes

The chemical energy supply for all living cells is contained in a molecule that, when broken down, releases the energy so that it may be used for activities such as muscle contractions, photosynthesis and locomotion. Which molecule is a storehouse of energy? A.ATP B.DNA C.RNA D.ADP