QUESTIONS/PROBLEMS  How do we produce a form of energy that can cut on air pollution?  What form of energy can replace the need for petro diesel after its exhaustion?  Is there a better form of energy that is more sustainable (A renewable form of energy)? SPECIFIC AIM  To use elephant grass to produce bio-fuels that would have little or no toxic residual gas  Producing a form of energy that serves as a close substitute and a possible replacement for petro- diesel?  To produce a renewable form of energy

Trilinolein (focus) Palmitoyldilinolein Dipalmitoyllinolein Major Triglycerides present in Elephant Grass

Distribution of the Main Aliphatic series identified in the extracts of Elephant Grass (A): series of n-fatty acids in the cortex

Chemical Structure of Bio-diesel with Petro-diesel

Bio-dieselPetro-dieselEthanol/Butanol Energy (Kgcal/mol) Sulfur Content max0.050 max Pour Point Flash Point (C)>130> Acid Value Kinematic Viscosity (40 C) Comparison of Biodiesel with other forms of Energy

SCHEMATIC OF INDUSTRIAL PROCESS Elephant Grass Source Industrial Grinding Plant N-alkanes Steroid Hydrocarbons Extraction Plant Triglycerides (Unsaturated) N-fatty Alcohols N-fatty acids Diglycerides Monoglycerides Hydrogenation Transesterificat ion Plant Mono alkyl Ester Glycerol

Energy Conversion Mechanism

Biodiesel Fuel Stations

Biodiesel Plants Area (US): 9,826,675 sq km Area (Nigeria): 923,768 sq km

Potential Problems Viscosity Issues Biodiesel Cars (Mechanical Engineers Work Hard!-The chemist are done)

Environmental Effect of Biodiesel Livestock for Farm Animals Deforestation – Water Erosion – Wind Erosion Biodiversity loss Filter plugging