Electric Vehicles in New Zealand: from Passenger to Driver? Scott Lemon, Dr Allan Miller

New Zealand Greenhouse Gas Emissions Greenhouse gas emissions by sector and vehicle type in New Zealand Tonnes of greenhouse gases emitted by New Zealand in million

New Zealand Greenhouse Gas Emissions Greenhouse gas emissions by sector and vehicle type in New Zealand

New Zealand Greenhouse Gas Emissions Greenhouse gas emissions by sector and vehicle type in New Zealand

Electric Vehicles A shortcut to a greener future or just an expensive dead end?

MarketPolicy Environment 12 3

Market

1.1 New Zealand Vehicle Fleet Passenger car ownership per 1000 people for OECD countries Highest rate of passenger car ownership in the OECD 5 th Passenger cars per 1000 people in New Zealand 600 Light passenger vehicles registered in New Zealand 2.6 million

1.2 New Zealand Vehicle Market Sales of new and ex-overseas light passenger vehicles in New Zealand

1.3 New Zealand Fleet Composition Age distribution of passenger vehicles in the New Zealand fleet Average age of a light passenger vehicle in New Zealand in years

1.4 Electric Vehicles in the Market Overview of current generation electric vehicles on the market ModelYearTypeBodyMotor (kW) Battery (kWh) Electric Range (km) Efficiency (kWh/km) RRP ($) Mitsubishi i-MiEV2012EV5-door hatchback (NZ) Nissan LEAF2012EV5-door hatchback (NZ) Holden Volt2013PHEV5-door hatchback (NZ) Smart Fortwo ED2013EV2-door coupe Toyota RAV4 EV2012EV4-door SUV (US) Tesla Model S (40kWh)2012EV4-door fastback (US) BMW ActiveE2012EV2-door coupe Toyota Prius PHV2013PHEV5-door hatchback (US) Fisker Karma2012PHEV4-door sedan (US)

1.5 Cost Analysis – Running Costs Comparison of annual yearly fuel costs for different vehicle types TypeFuel Consumption (units/km) Fuel Price (2012) $NZD/unit Annual Fuel Cost (2012) $NZD Petrol - New Petrol - Old Diesel Hybrid Electric – Peak rate Electric – Off-peak rate Per km for an average petrol vehicle in NZ 18¢ Per km for an average hybrid vehicle in NZ 8¢ Per km for an average electric vehicle in NZ 4¢

1.6 Cost Analysis Cumulative cost of owning a petrol, diesel, hybrid and electric vehicle from 2012

1.7 Cost Analysis – Tariffs Cumulative cost of owning an electric vs. petrol vehicle with off-peak charging

1.8 Electric Vehicle Sales in New Zealand Annual number of registered electric light passenger vehicles in New Zealand

1.9 Electric Vehicle Sales in New Zealand Annual number of registered electric light passenger vehicles in New Zealand Of light passenger vehicles sold in 2025 are to be EVs (NZ target) 15%

1.10 Electric Vehicle Sales Worldwide A global comparison of electric vehicle uptake by country

Policy and Regulation

2.1 Policy and Regulation Breakdown of measures available to governments for stimulating EV adoption OrganisationalEconomicSuasiveRegulatory  Sales tax  Subsidies  Bonus/malus  Scrappage  Annual tax  Fuel taxation  Education  Standards & guidelines  Emission targets  Vehicle standards  Infrastructure  Usage incentives  Free parking  HOV lane use Measures

2.2 Economic Measures – Tax Reduction Global overview of countries implementing tax reduction measures for EVs Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece India Ireland Israel Italy Japan Netherlands Norway Switzerland Portugal South Korea Spain Sweden Turkey United Kingdom United States

2.3 Economic Measures - Subsidies Global overview of countries implementing direct subsidy measures for EVs Canada China Finland India Ireland Japan Luxembourg South Korea Spain United Kingdom

2.4 Economic Measures - Subsidies Comparison of maximum price subsidy offered and EV uptake rate by country Country% EVs in LPV Fleet Price Offset ($USD) Norway Estonia Netherlands Japan Belgium USA Denmark France Austria China Country% EVs in LPV Fleet Price Offset ($USD) Sweden Canada United Kingdom Germany Ireland Portugal Italy Spain Australia New Zealand

2.5 Electric Vehicle Incentives in New Zealand Viable short-term measures for encouraging EV uptake Short-term ( ) Mid-term ( ) Long-term (2020-) Suasive/regulatory measures  Increase consumer awareness about importance of fuel economy  Tighten fuel economy standards on imported vehicles

2.6 Electric Vehicle Incentives in New Zealand Viable medium-term measures for encouraging EV uptake Short-term ( ) Mid-term ( ) Long-term (2020-) Organisational measures  Installation of charging stations  Requirement for new homes and car parks to include provision for EVs  Renewable energy and smart grid developments

2.7 Electric Vehicle Incentives in New Zealand Viable long-term measures for encouraging EV uptake Short-term ( ) Mid-term ( ) Long-term (2020-) Economic measures  Aim to increase fleet turnover rate and speed the transition to a greener transportation system  Scrappage schemes and decreased taxes/vehicle charges

Environment

3.1 Light Passenger Vehicle GHG Emissions Amount of GHG emitted by average light passenger vehicles around the world Of CO 2 e gas emitted by an average passenger vehicle in New Zealand annually 2.4 tonnes

3.2 Average Grid GHG Emissions Amount of GHG emitted per unit of residential electricity consumed Of CO 2 e gas emitted per kWh of electricity used by households in New Zealand 142 grams Renewable energy powering the New Zealand grid in %

3.3 Average Vehicle Emissions Greenhouse gas emissions for electric and average fleet vehicles by country Reduction in average vehicle emissions achievable by switching to EVs in NZ 85%

3.4 Vehicle Lifetime Emissions Cumulative GHG emissions for electric and petrol vehicles over their lifespan Tonnes of CO 2 e produced manufacturing an EV Tonnes of CO 2 e produced manufacturing an ICV

3.5 Emission Reduction Potential Total greenhouse gas emission reduction based on EV market penetration

Conclusion

Market New Zealand’s fleet is old, inefficient and in need of change EVs are currently too expensive, and the pay-back period too long despite lower operational costs

Policy Tax reductions and price subsidies are commonly used worldwide but are too expensive to justify in New Zealand The short-term focus should be on improving fuel economy regulations, and educating consumers

Environment EVs can achieve considerable GHG emission reductions in a green power system like New Zealand’s The main focus worldwide should be increasing the use of renewable energy and preparing the grid so that when the time comes for EVs we are well-prepared

Questions?