Energy Review AP Bio Chapters 8, 9, and 10

Match A. Uses oxygen1. Glycolysis B. Make oxygen2. Kreb’s Cycle C. Uses CO23. ETS / ETC 4. Makes CO24. Light Rxn 5. Uses glucose5. Calvin Cycle 6. Makes glucose

What is an anabolic reaction? Give an example. (and lies) Builds molecules using energy Synthesis of proteins from amino acids Photosynthesis

What is an catabolic reaction? Give an example. Breaking down molecules, releasing energy Cellular respiration, breaking down glucose

What is an endergonic reaction? Give an example. A reaction that requires an input of energy Making ATP from ADP + P Photosynthesis

What is an exergonic reaction? Give an example. A reaction that releases energy Cellular Respiration Breaking down ATP into ADP + P

What is energy coupling? Using energy from exergonic reactions to power endergonic reactions

What is ATP? Energy Adenosine Tri Phosphate Energy is stored in the electrons in the bond between the last P

What is phosphorylation? Which enzyme phosphorylates? Adding a P to a molecule Kinase

What is an enzyme? What does it do? A protein A catalyst Decrease activation energy Makes a reaction go faster

What is a substrate? Something an enzyme works on

What is an active site? Where an enzyme and substrate bind Where the reaction occurs

What is denaturation? Changing the shape of an enzyme which changes its function

What are activators? Define, list, and describe Non-proteins enzyme helpers Coenzymes are organic: vitamins Cofactors are inorganic: metal atoms like zinc, iron, copper

What is inhibition? Define, list, describe Chemicals that prevent enzyme activity Competitive: binds to the active site Non-competitive: binds somewhere else and changes the shape

What is oxidation? Loss of an electron

What is reduction? Gain of electrons

What’s the equation for cell resp? Ender or exer? Anabolic or catabolic? 6O2 + C6H12O6  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy Exergonic Catabolic

Where does the oxygen go after cell resp? Into water

Why is oxygen needed in cell resp? To act as the final electron acceptor of the ETS

What happens to the carbon from glucose after cell resp? Goes to CO2 and is breathed out

Where does glycolysis occur? cytoplasm

What happens in glycolysis? Glucose is split into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid 2 NADH are made 2 ATP are made

Where does Kreb’s occur? Mitochondrial matrix

What are NADs and FADs? Coenzymes that carry electrons to the ETC

Where does the ETC occur? In the cristae

What happens to the electrons in the ETC? Travel down proteins in the membrane Finally accepted by oxygen

What happens to the hydrogen ions in the ETC? Build up on one side of the membrane Go down their concentration gradient through ATP synthase Provide energy to make ATP

What are the end products of the ETC? 34 ATP Water

What’s the equation for photosynthesis? Anabolic or Catabolic? Endergonic or exergonic? 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy  C6H12O6 + 6O2 Anabolic Endergonic

What are stomata? Openings in leaves that let carbon dioxide in and oxgyen out

Where do light dependent reactions occur? In thylakoid membranes

What goes into light reactions? What comes out? In: water Out: oxgyen, ATP, NADPH

Where does the Calvin Cycle occur? Stroma Fluid in the chloroplast

What goes into the dark reactions? What comes out? In: Carbon dioxide, ATP, NADPH Out: G3P, ADP, NADP

What is rubisco, what does it do? The most abundant enzyme on earth Fixes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere onto RuBP in the Calvin Cycle

What are C3 plants? Name some. Regular plants that do normal photosynthesis Rice, wheat, most plants

What are C4 plants? Name some. Plants that are adapted to hot, dry climates and physically separate where the Calvin Cycle takes place Corn, sugarcane

What are CAM plants? List some. Plants that only open stomata at night and do the Calvin Cycle during the day with saved up CO2 Cactus, jade, pineapples

If a reaction requires energy, what kind is it? Endergonic

Do plants have mitochondria? Yes, and they make ATP

What is the main way ATP is made during cell resp? By pumping protons (hydrogen ions) down their concentration gradients through ATP Synthase to make ATP

Which types of plants do carbon fixation the best? C3 C4 and CAM do NOT, and require special ways of doing photosynthesis

In the beginning of time, how did single celled prokaryotes get ATP? Glycolysis only

If stomata close, what happens to the plant? They can’t get CO2

Do prokaryotic cells have chloroplasts? No But they can still do photosynthesis because they have chlorophyll stored in thylakoids

What happens if ATP goes through hydrolysis? Energy is released and can be used in reactions ADP is made

During what process is oxygen released? Light reactions of photosynthesis

During which reactions is carbon dioxide released? Kreb’s

Where is carbon dioxide used? Calvin (dark) Rxn

When does chemiosmosis occur? In the ETC of cell resp...and... In the ETC of photosynthesis

When is glucose oxidized to pyruvic acid? glycolysis

What are the end products of the light reactions of photosynthesis? Oxygen ATP NADPH

Which enzyme fixes carbon? Rubisco RuBP carboxylase

Where does all energy come from? The sun

How is water used in photosynthesis? It’s split so the electrons can travel through the photosystems and connect with NADP+

If 1 mL of oxygen is consumed by peas in 20 minutes, what is the respiration rate? 1 mL / 20 minutes 0.05 mL/min

What effect does temperature have on pea respiration? Peas respire faster at room temperature than at cold temperatures

What are 3 environmental factors that affect enzyme activity? Temperature pH Salinity

What is activation energy? The energy that must be overcome for a reaction to proceed

What happens in the transition step between glycolysis and Kreb’s? Pyruvic acid turns into Acetyl CoA Acetyl CoA goes into Kreb’s 2 NADH are made

Where do the electrons go during cell respiration? Food  NADH  ETC  Oxygen

Where do the electrons go in photosynthesis? Water  NADPH  Calvin Cycle

What is the most abundant enzyme on Earth? Rubisco

Your FRQ Review Labs!! Know how to make a graph!!