Energy Systems Dr M Taghavi Mehran_taghavi@yahoo.com

Energy for Exercise Food is the source of energy for the human body and it also provides nutrients for growth and repair. When food is eaten, this is what happens… The food is broken down into soluble chemicals (e.g. glucose) by digestion in the gut. The soluble chemicals pass through the gut wall into the blood. The blood carries the soluble food chemicals to all of the body’s cells, where they will be used for: Energy Growth Repair

Making Energy Available to the Cells of the Body The muscles of the body use both carbohydrates and fats to produce energy. The following diagram shows how carbohydrates are used. The glucose enters the small intestine where it passes into the blood. Carbohydrates in the form of starch gained from foods such as pasta, bread and potatoes are eaten. The starch is digested in the gut and turned into glucose molecules.

The glucose is then used in 3 different ways… Body Cells Liver Glucose diffuses easily into the cells and is used to meet their energy demands. Here some of the glucose is stored as glycogen and used to maintain blood sugar levels. Skeletal Muscle Glucose is stored here as glycogen and is used when the body is working harder.

The Energy Systems b) Anaerobic glycolytic system High energy phosphate system b) Anaerobic glycolytic system c) Aerobic oxidative system

Energy systems Aerobic Anaerobic Oxygen system Phosphate system Lactate system Dr. taghavi

a) ATP breakdown (ATP turnover) ADP H2O + Energy + Pi + 1. Hydrolysis of the unstable phosphate groups of ATP molecule by H2O 2. Phosphate molecule (Pi) is released from ATP (ATP ADP) 3. Energy is released (38 to 42 kJ, or 9 to 10 kcal/mol ATP)

c) ATP resynthesis ATP ADP Energy + Pi + Initial stores of ATP in the muscles are used up very quickly and ATP must be regenerated 2. ATP is formed by recombination of ADP and Pi 3. Regeneration of ATP requires energy (from breakdown of food molecules)

High Energy Phosphate System Creatine P ENERGY ADP + Pi  ATP

Energy systems Phosphate Promotion of CP system: ▲CP store The main source for the onset of exercise. Anaerobic alactic System CP + ADP ► Creatine + ATP ► Expulsion Energy Limited store ► 2 – 10 sec. Recovery time: 3-5 min complete rest. Promotion of CP system: ▲CP store ▲CP breakdown enzymatic process CP stores increase by 25% to 50% after 7 months endurance training CP Enzymatic break down advancement promote after 8 weeks speed training Dr. taghavi

Anaerobic Respiration – Without Oxygen Anaerobic respiration involves the release of a little energy, very quickly from the incomplete breakdown of glucose without using oxygen, inside the cells. The Process of Anaerobic Respiration 1. Glucose is made available by the breakdown of glycogen stored in the working muscles. Energy for muscles to contract and create movement 2. The glucose is used by the muscles of the body to produce energy, without the use of oxygen. Glucose Lactic Acid 3. This process creates lactic acid, which passes back into the blood for removal.

How Anaerobic Respiration Happens 1 2 3 Glucose is transported to the muscles of the body via the blood. Glucose passes into the muscles cells and is used to produce energy for muscular contractions. Anaerobic respiration produces lactic acid as a waste product. Facts about Anaerobic Respiration During anaerobic respiration, your muscles are not supplied with enough oxygen. The lactic acid builds up due to the shortage of oxygen. This is known as an oxygen debt, which needs to be paid back once exercising has finished. The lactic acid build-up will soon make your muscles feel tired and painful, so exercising anaerobically can only be carried out for short periods of time.

Anaerobic Respiration is how sprinters produce the energy that is used in short periods of ‘all out effort’ - high intensity. Oxygen cannot reach the muscles fast enough, so anaerobic respiration is used. Glucose Produces…

Anaerobic Respiration is how sprinters produce the energy that is used in short periods of ‘all out effort’ - high intensity. Oxygen cannot reach the muscles fast enough, so anaerobic respiration is used. Glucose produces… Some is used for muscle contractions, creating movement. Lactic acid quickly builds up & makes the muscles feel tired & painful. ‘All out effort’ cannot last for very long!

The rest is converted into heat to warm the body. Anaerobic Respiration is how sprinters produce the energy that is used in short periods of ‘all out effort’ - high intensity. Oxygen cannot reach the muscles fast enough, so anaerobic respiration is used. Glucose produces… Some is used for muscle contractions, creating movement. Lactic acid quickly builds up & makes the muscles feel tired & painful. ‘All out effort’ cannot last for very long! The rest is converted into heat to warm the body.

Energy systems Anaerobic system The emergency source of energy. The energy supply for intensive activities last 2-3 min. Glucose + ADP ► Lactic acid + ATP Lactic acid ► Acidosis ► upper lactate threshold (4mmol/l) Muscle soreness-fatigue Mental impairments Recovery time: 75min. + cool down activity Dr. taghavi

Aerobic Respiration – With Oxygen The Process of Aerobic Respiration Aerobic respiration involves the release of energy from the slow breakdown of glucose using oxygen, inside the cells. Water Glucose 1. Glucose and oxygen are transported to the working muscles by the blood. Energy for Muscles to contract and create Movement 2. Glucose and oxygen are then used by the muscles of the body to produce energy. Carbon Dioxide 3. This process creates carbon dioxide and water. Oxygen 4. The carbon dioxide passes back into the blood for removal.

How Aerobic Respiration Happens… 1 2 3 Glucose and oxygen are carried by the haemoglobin in the red blood cells. Glucose and oxygen pass into all the muscle cells of the body and is used to help produce energy for muscular contractions. Aerobic respiration produces carbon dioxide & water as waste products. Facts about Aerobic Respiration During aerobic respiration, the heart and lungs supply the muscles with plenty of oxygen. The carbon dioxide is breathed out via the lungs, while the water is lost as sweat, urine or in the air we breathe out as water vapour. As long as the muscles are supplied with enough oxygen, exercising aerobically can be carried out for a long period of time.

Energy systems Aerobic system The main source for long lasting exercises. Fats + O2 + ADP ► CO2 + water + ATP 1- Glucose + ADP ► Lactic acid + ATP 2- Lactic acid + O2 + ADP ► CO2 + water + ATP Carbohydrate store is limited but Fat store is unlimited. Low intensity exercises ► burn fats High intensity exercises ► burn carbohydrate Well trained athlete burn fats for a longer time thus saving carbohydrate. Training increase aerobic capacity by 50%. Dr. taghavi

Aerobic respiration is how marathon runners produce the energy that is used in long periods of less intensive effort. Glucose and oxygen produce…

Aerobic respiration is how marathon runners produce the energy that is used in long periods of less intensive effort. Some is used for muscle contractions, creating movement. Glucose and oxygen produce…

Aerobic respiration is how marathon runners produce the energy that is used in long periods of less intensive effort. Some is used for muscle contractions, creating movement. The rest is converted into heat to warm the body. Glucose and oxygen produce… Water, which is carried away by the blood and excreted through the lungs, sweat and urine. Carbon dioxide, which is carried away by the blood & excreted through the lungs.

Sports Max. Speed Max. Endurance Complex Speed & Endurance Wrestling Low weights Max. Speed High weights Max. Endurance Dr. taghavi

The Roles of the Three Energy Systems in Competitive Sport

Muscle fibers Slow Twitch – Type I Fast Twitch – Types IIa & IIb Dr. taghavi

Muscle fibers Fibre Type Type I Fibers Type IIa Fibers Type IIb Fibers Contraction time Slow Fast Very Fast Size of motor neuron Small Large Very Large Resistance to fatigue High Intermediate Low Activity Used for Aerobic Long term anaerobic Short term anaerobic Force production Very High Mitochondrial density Capillary density Oxidative capacity Glycolytic capacity Major storage fuel Fat Glycogen , CP CP, Glycogen Dr. taghavi

Muscle fibers ratio Sprinters Shot putters Long-high jumpers Middle-distance runners 5, 10 km- Semi marathon Marathon & Ultra long distance FT <30 sec CP Throwing, Jumping, 100m sprint, Tennis FT + ST 30 sec–1 min CP+Lac 200-400m sprint, 100m swimming ST + FT 1-3 min Lac+O2 800m running, wrestling ST >30 min O2 Marathon, Cross-country Skiing, Cycling Dr. taghavi

Aerobic System Energy Systems in Wrestling Lactic Acid Anaerobic System Lactic Acid 100% Energy Aerobic System ATP-PC Time 0 8 sec 2 min 4 15 135 Dr. taghavi

Aerobic System Energy Systems in Wrestling Time 0 8 sec 2 min 4 15 135 100% Aerobic System 70% HR-reserve Intensity Time 0 8 sec 2 min 4 15 135 Dr. taghavi

Energy Systems in Wrestling Anaerobic System 100% 70% Aerobic System HR-reserve Intensity Time 0 8 sec 2 min 4 15 135 Dr. taghavi

Energy Systems in Wrestling Anaerobic System 100% 70% Aerobic System HR-reserve Intensity CP CP Time 0 8 sec 2 min 4 15 135 Dr. taghavi

Source of energy for wrestling Fuel Carbohydrate Fat Protein Energy Systems Anaerobic ATP-PC Anaerobic Lactic acid Aerobic ATP ENERGY MOVEMENT Intensity of Sport Duration Dr. taghavi

Anaerobic System in wrestling Carbohydrate Anaerobic System Anaerobic ATP-PC Anaerobic Lactic acid ATP ENERGY ▲ Lactic Acid Concentration In Muscles ▲ Muscular pain ▼ Muscular contraction ▼ Mental concentration Weakness Dr. taghavi

Targeted training Training should be specific, targeted at the energy system involved in the particular sport. Optimal training takes place at a workout intensity that maximally activates the complete energy system necessary for the sport. Dr. taghavi

The best indicator to determine the exercise intensity is Heart Rate Heart Rate Workload intensity The best indicator to determine the exercise intensity is Heart Rate Monitoring Dr. taghavi

Training intensity is essential for reaching maximum performance. Low intensity Necessary intensity High intensity Not improve Success Injury-Overtraining As condition improves, training intensity should also increase. Training scheme should be continually evaluated & adapted. Dr. taghavi

The best training control equipment Dr. taghavi

Thank you for your attention. Dr. M Taghavi