Instructional software

Models for integrating technology in teaching Direct instructional approach Indirect instructional approach

Direct instructional approach Grounded in primarily behavioral learning theories and the information- processing branch of cognitive learning theories. Digital technology applications associated with this approach includes digital drill- and-practice and digital tutorial applications. Learning happens when knowledge is transmitted to people and they store it in their minds. Transmission of knowledge

Learning theories underlying the direct instructional approach Behavioral learning theory Information-processing theory Cognitive behavioral theory Implications of direct approach

Direct instructional approach: Behavioral learning theory Classical conditioning (Pavlov) Operant conditioning (skinner) Contingencies of reinforcement Programmed instruction Mastery learning Concepts in behavioral learning theory includes: Learning theories direct approach

Behavioral learning theory: Classical conditioning (Pavlov) Learning is involuntary physical responses to outside stimuli. Russian physiologist: Ivan Pavlov Behavioral learning theory

Behavioral learning theory: Operant conditioning (Skinner) Learning is a voluntary mental control over external stimuli. Learning can be inferred from observed behaviors. American physiologist: BF Skinner Behavioral learning theory

Behavioral learning theory: Contingencies of reinforcement Behaviors can be shaped by reinforcement. Positive reinforcement (praise for correct answers) increase desired behaviors. Negative reinforcement (avoiding detention) can increase desired behaviors. Keep up the good work! Quiet! Behavioral learning theory

Behavioral learning theory: Programmed instruction and learning Programmed instruction and learning has three elements: it delivers information in small bites. it is self-paced by the learner. it provides immediate feedback, both positive and negative, to the learner. ( Behavioral learning theory

Behavioral learning theory: Mastery learning Learners have to pass tests on various objectives to demonstrate that they have mastered a skill. Behavioral learning theory

Implications of learning theories underlying direct instructional approach Skills and content are to be learned are clearly defined, concrete, and unambiguous and if a specific behavioral response can indicate learning. Learners will need tutoring/practice to learn and demonstrate skills. Learners need to acquire skills quickly and efficiently. Models for integrating technology

Direct instructional approach: Information-processing learning theory Concepts in information-processing learning theory include: Sensory registers: Receives information a person senses through receptors (eyes, ears, mouth, nose and hands). Short-term memory: Information from the sensory registers is transferred to the STM or working memory. Long-term memory: Information in the STM is processed or practiced in such a way that causes it to be transferred to the LTM. Information in the LTM is linked to prior knowledge in the LTM. Learning theories direct approach

Direct instructional approach: Cognitive behavioral learning theory Concepts in information-processing learning theory include: Learning hierarchies: Learning content consists of various types: intellectual skills, cognitive strategies, verbal information, motor skills and attitudes. Events of instruction: Optimal conditions of learning implies that there should be 9 events of instruction: gaining attention, informing the learner of the objectives, stimulating recall of prerequisite learning, presenting new material, providing learning guidance, eliciting performance, providing feedback about correctness, assessing performance and enhancing retention and recall.9 events of instruction Learning hierarchies Psychologist: Robert Gagne Learning theories direct approach

Indirect instructional approach Grounded in primarily in constructivist learning theories and the information- processing branch of cognitive learning theories. Digital technology applications associated with this approach includes digital problem solving and multimedia production applications. Humans construct knowledge in their minds by participating in certain experiences. Learning occurs when one constructs both mechanisms for learning and his/her own unique version of the knowledge.

Learning theory underlying the indirect instructional approach The constructivist learning theory underlies the indirect instructional approach for integrating digital technology. Social activism (John Dewey) Scaffolding (Vygostsky) Child development (Piaget) Discovery learning (Bruner) Multiple intelligences (Gardner) Concepts in the constructivist learning theory includes: Implications of indirect approach

Indirect instructional approach: Social activism (John Dewey) Curriculum topics should be integrated because it causes the learner to grasp the whole of knowledge. Education is preparation for work in a society. Learning should be hands-on and experience-based. Meaningful learning results from learners working together on tasks. Psychologist: John Dewey Learning theory indirect approach

Indirect instructional approach: Scaffolding (Vygotsky) Scaffolding in education is temporary support to promote learning when concepts and skills are being first introduced to learners. ( conceptsskillshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instructional_scaffolding Scaffolding refers to organizing and supporting the learners’ investigation or inquiry, to keep learners from straying too far off the path while seeking "the truth" about whatever issue, problem or question was driving the project ( Russian psychologist: John Dewey Learning theory indirect approach

Indirect instructional approach: Child development (Piaget) Child development (Piaget): Children go through four stages of cognitive development. Psychologist: Piaget Learning theory indirect approach

Indirect instructional approach: Discovery learning (Bruner) Children go through various stages of intellectual development. Active participation is best achieved by providing discovery learning environments. Jerome Bruner Learning theory indirect approach

Indirect instructional approach: Multiple intelligences (Gardner) There are nine relatively independent types of intelligences. Howard Gardner Learning theory indirect approach

Implications of learning theories underlying indirect instructional approach Concepts to learn are abstract and complex. Teachers feel that hands-on, visual activities are essential to help learners see how the concepts are applied to real world problems. Teachers want to encourage collaboration. Teachers want to allow alternative ways of learning and showing competence. There is time to allow unstructured exploration.

Gagne’s nine instructional events Instructional events Gaining attention Inform learners of objectives Recall prior learning Present new material Provide learner guidance Elicit performance Provide feedback Assess performance Enhance retention and transfer Present an introductory scenario or rhetorical questions. Present objectives to create and expectation for learning. Retrieve and activate long-term memory. Present the new information. Provide mechanisms for encoding for storage long-term memory. Responds to questions to enhance encoding.. Reinforcement and assessment of correct performance. Retrieval and reinforcement of content as final evaluation. Retrieval and generalization of learned skill to new situation