Exploitation by Introduced Species. 28 29 Brown Tree Snake (Boiga irregularis) Introduced to Guam (mid-1940s) 31.

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Presentation transcript:

Exploitation by Introduced Species

28 29 Brown Tree Snake (Boiga irregularis) Introduced to Guam (mid-1940s) 31

Myiagra freycineti (Guam flycatcher) Gallicolumba xanthonura White-throated ground-dove Zosterops conspicillatus ** Bridled white-eye Acrocephalus luscinia Nightingale reed-warbler Rhipidura rufifrons * Rufous fantail Ptilinopus roseicapilla Mariana fruit-dove Myzomela cardinalis Cardinal honeyeater Halcyon cinnamomina ** Micronesian kingfisher Nine of Eleven Native Forest Birds in Guam EXTIRPATED/EXTINCT 30

7 8 Salt Cedar (Tamarix spp.) 32 Introduced to United States in 1800s via a nursery in Philadelphia. Used for windbreak, Stream stabilization, ornamental plantings, etc. (Di Tomasso 1998) 32

Salt Cedar Control 34

SUCCESS OF SPECIES INTRODUCED OUTSIDE OF NATURAL GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION No Coevolved Interspecific Competitors No Coevolved Herbivores No Coevolved Parasites No Coevolved Pathogens

Exploitation and Temporal Dynamics

Population Dynamics

22 BOREAL FOREST

16

Lynx – Snowshoe Hare Fig in Molles 2006

Sunspot Hypothesis (Elton 1924) Overpopulation Hypotheses (Density Dependent Effects on Hare) What Controls Snowshoe Hare Population Fluctuations Predator Hypothesis (Various) Overpopulation Hypotheses (Density Dependent Effects on Plants)

16 Predator Hypotheses (Various)

TEASING OUT THE INDIVIDUAL EFFECTS: CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT 27 Test for Effects of Predators, Plant Food Availability, Quality

Controls Supplemental Food Fertilizer Supplemental Food / Electric Fence Electrical Fence Krebs et al YEAR STUDY

Fig in Molles 2006

N = f (b, d, i, e)

Fig in Molles 2006 Underlying Processes Predator – Prey Dynamics

dN h /dt = r h N h – pN h Np Modeling Population Change: Host (= Prey)

dN p /dt = c p N h N p -d p N p Modeling Population Change: Predator

Fig in Molles 2006

2 Predator – Prey Oscillation in the Laboratory?

5 Paramecium 6 Yeast Predator – Prey Relationships in the Lab Gause (1935)

Predator – Prey Ocillations: Gause 1935

Bean Weevil 4 5 Parasitoid Wasp Predator – Prey Ocillatiions: Gause 1935 Utida 1957

Fig in Molles 2006

7 Gause 1935 PREY PERSISTENCE? Paramecium Didinium

Predator – Prey Relationships in the Lab Fig in Molles 2006

8 Add a Refuge

Prey Predator Fig in Molles 2006

8 Add a Refuge, Restock Predators

Fig in Molles 2006 Prey Predator

10 Predatory Mite Can Crawl Prey Mite Feeds on Oranges Can Crawl or “Balloon” via Silk Strand

Multiple Habitats, “Natural” Dispersal Huffaker (1958)

Fig in Molles 2006 Huffaker (1958)

9

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_DFO2_l.jpg /short~eared~owl~607.jpg snowshoe-hare.jpg 19

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