A Phylogenetic Analysis of the Early Late Ordovician Orthograptinae (Graptolithina) Sue Klosterman Charles Mitchell Dan Goldman

Macroevolution Large scale project on evolutionary trends Phylogenetic reconstruction of the Orthograptinae is an essential component Phylogenetic reconstruction of the Orthograptinae is an essential component Interpretation of trends are dependent on phylogeny Interpretation of trends are dependent on phylogeny

DDO Radiation Rapid expansion in the Early Late Ordovician, about 458 million years ago Difficulty in determining evolutionary relationships Difficulty in determining evolutionary relationships

Character Analysis Commonly preserved on black shales 3-D specimens extracted from limestone matrix

Character Examples 56 parsimony- informative discrete characters Thecal Shape Apertural Orientation 10 continuous characters – measurement data 10 continuous characters – measurement data 2TRD Colony Width

PAUP Tree Analysis MacClade Branch & Bound Search RC Index Character Weighting 16 Taxa

Outgroup Selection Hustedograptus as primitive outgroup

Consensus Tree - Discrete characters only 9 MPR – all variations within O. quadrimucronatus group Generally compatible with current systematics H. uplandicusH. teretiusculus O. calcaratus incisusO. apiculatusO. pageanusO. spinigerusO. quadrimucronatus Primitive Rectograptus R. amplexicaulisG. pygmaeusG. typicalisA.praetypicalisA. maxwelliA. perexcavatus O. ruedemanni O. eucharis

Individual Clades Orthograptus Orthograptus is a paraphyletic taxon from which Rectograptus, Amplexograptus and Geniculograptus have been derived

Individual Clades Orthograptus calcaratus group is the primitive sister group to the rest of the derived orthograptines Derived orthograptines

Individual Clades A – R – G subclades Orthograptus quadrimucronatus group is the sister group to the Amplexograptus, Rectograptus and Geniculograptus subclades

Individual Clades Rectograptus is the primitive sister group to the Amplexograptus and Geniculograptus sub- clades

Thecal Diversification Thecal diversification from primitive, straight tubes to more complex geniculate thecae for this subclade.

Cladogram Support CI =.84 RI =.89 RC =.74 Consistency Indicies – low levels of homoplasy

Cladogram Support PTP Test – No permutated cladograms are shorter in length than original cladogram Original Permutated

Cladogram Support H. uplandicusH. teretiusculus O. calcaratus incisusO. apiculatusO. pageanusO. spinigerusO. quadrimucronatusPrimitve RectograptusR. amplexicaulisG. pygmaeusG. typicalisA.praetypicalisA. maxwelliA. perexcavatus O. ruedemanni O. eucharis Bremer Support Indicies

Consensus Tree - Measurement Data included H. uplandicusH. teretiusculus O. calcaratus incisusO. apiculatusO. pageanusO. spinigerusO. quadrimucronatusPrimitve RectograptusR. amplexicaulisG. pygmaeusG. typicalisA.praetypicalisA. maxwelliA. perexcavatus O. ruedemanni O. eucharis

Consensus Tree - Measurement Data included H. uplandicusH. teretiusculus O. calcaratus incisusO. apiculatus O. pageanusO. spinigerusO. quadrimucronatusPrimitve RectograptusR. amplexicaulisG. pygmaeusG. typicalisA.praetypicalisA. maxwelliA. perexcavatus O. ruedemanni O. eucharis O. ruedemanni becomes sister taxon to A - R - G subclade Relationship of O. quadrimucronatus group is better defined

Future Work Start to incorporate the orthograptinae cladogram with DDO fauna and other graptolite groups LasiograptidsDicranograptidsOrthograptids

Acknowledgments NSF Grant Ear