The saprotrofic food chain in terrestrial ecosystems : Soil Biota

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Presentation transcript:

The saprotrofic food chain in terrestrial ecosystems : Soil Biota Impact of the introduction of the ant Pheidole megacephala on native invertebrates in a Australian rain forest

The saprotrofic food chain in terrestrial ecosystems : Soil Biota The invasive ant Linepithema (= Iridiomyrmex) humile in northern California (USA) Results of fixed-distance ant-baiting experiment: bait in 1 m distance from nest entrance; * - significant difference of L. humile to native ant species. Short-term introduction experiment with L. humile: interaction with other ant species

The saprotrofic food chain in terrestrial ecosystems : Soil Biota The effect of the soil-dwelling ant Lasius flavus on soil properties and below-ground plant biomass in Slovakian grasslands

The saprotrofic food chain in terrestrial ecosystems : Soil Biota Sampling of soil animals Small soil corer (mesofauna) Large soil corer (macrofauna)

The saprotrofic food chain in terrestrial ecosystems : Soil Biota

The saprotrofic food chain in terrestrial ecosystems : Soil Biota Sampling of soil animals Electro-octet method for the extraction of earthworms in the field

The saprotrofic food chain in terrestrial ecosystems : Soil Biota Sampling of soil animals Ground photoeclectors (emergence traps)

The saprotrofic food chain in terrestrial ecosystems : Soil Biota Funke, W., 1977: Food and energy turnover of leaf-eating insects and their influence on primary production. In: Ellenberg, H. (ed.) Integrated Experimental Ecology

The saprotrofic food chain in terrestrial ecosystems : Soil Biota Extraction of soil (litter) samples (dry / wet) Tullgren Funnel soil or litter sample sieve funnel (transparent material covered by black cloth or paper) Baermann Funnel light bulb funnel water valve rubber hose sieve soil sample Wet Funnel Extraction (not necessarily with heating from above, cooling from below possible) Nematoda (Beamann) Enchytraeidae (O’Connor) other semiaquatic fauna - Macrofauna - Microarthropods - Heating from above possible - Cooling from below possible

The saprotrofic food chain in terrestrial ecosystems : Soil Biota Wet extraction of soil (litter) samples

The saprotrofic food chain in terrestrial ecosystems : Soil Biota Dry extraction of soil (litter) samples

The saprotrofic food chain in terrestrial ecosystems : Soil Biota Dry extraction of soil (litter) samples

The saprotrofic food chain in terrestrial ecosystems : Soil Biota Extraction of soil (litter) samples Extraction apparatus for dry extraction of sample series (Kempson, Macfadyen)

The saprotrofic food chain in terrestrial ecosystems : Soil Biota Dry extraction of soil (litter) samples

The saprotrofic food chain in terrestrial ecosystems : Soil Biota Extraction of soil (litter) samples: washing of soil through sieves

The saprotrofic food chain in terrestrial ecosystems : Soil Biota Extraction of soil (litter) samples: flotation

The saprotrofic food chain in terrestrial ecosystems : Soil Biota Litter bag experiments – course of decomposition and the effect of soil biota One advanced design of litter bags:

The saprotrofic food chain in terrestrial ecosystems : Soil Biota Litter bag experiments – course of decomposition and the effect of soil biota Decomposition of nettle leaves in various positions along a pH transect on the slope of a basalt hill: basalt top, middle slope, foot of hill (limestone), in % of initial dry weight; coarsest mesh width One advanced design of litter bags: Decomposition of various types of nettle litter on the foot of the hill (limestone): leaves, stems, fine roots, coarse roots, in % of initial dry weight; coarsest mesh width

The saprotrofic food chain in terrestrial ecosystems : Soil Biota What controles the community / food web structure? Top-down or bottom-up? (predation or availability of food resources) - Litter enrichment experiments (food, habitat structure, moisture) - Predator exclosure experiments - Mesocosm experiments, e.g. enriching the soil by food sources as glucose to stimulate microbial growth (respiration) What exactly is the trophic position of a given organism? - Food preference experiments (choice) - Analysis of gut content - Direct observation - Labelling of potential food with 14C (radioactive isotope)

The saprotrofic food chain in terrestrial ecosystems : Soil Biota Using stable isotopes (C, N) to estimate trophic position 15N / 14N ratio (δ 15N) Enrichment in 15N per trophic level in organisms (on average by 3.4 ‰) Range of 15N / 14N ratios in given community indicates number of trophic levels 15N / 14N increases with soil depth (thus species collonizing deeper soil layers might contain higher 15N concentrations despite belonging to lower trophic level)

The saprotrofic food chain in terrestrial ecosystems : Soil Biota Using stable isotopes to estimate trophic position Trophic position and food resources of the soil animal community in two beech forests (Göttinger Wald – on limestone, mull humus, Solling – on acidic sandstone, raw humus)