Bull Run / Manassas First major battle of the war. July 21, 1861 Union army invades Virginia and attempt to capture Richmond.

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Presentation transcript:

Bull Run / Manassas First major battle of the war. July 21, 1861 Union army invades Virginia and attempt to capture Richmond.

Bull Run / Manassas Both sides meet at a stream called Bull Run (on farm of Wilmer McLean). Army of the Potomac led by Irvin McDowell. Army of Northern Virginia led by P.T. Beauregard.

Bull Run / Manassas Union thought it could invade South and quickly win the war. McDowell was initially successful causing a retreat by the Confederates. Confederate general Thomas Jackson refused to retreat and allowed reinforcements to arrive.

Bull Run / Manassas Many politicians and wealthy come out to watch the battle and have a picnic. They saw a chaotic, bloody battle. Later battles had few spectators. The Union army retreated.

Bull Run / Manassas

Casualties: Union killed; 1124 wounded Confederacy killed; 1582 wounded Thomas Jackson becomes known as “Stonewall” Jackson. Lincoln is unhappy with McDowell and replaces him with George McClellan.

Antietam / Sharpsburg After their wins at Bull Run, Seven Days, and 2 nd Bull Run, the Confederacy decided to invade the north. Confederate general Robert E. Lee planned to sneak north into Maryland, turn back south, and invade Washington D.C. Assigned to protect Washington D.C. was George McClellan. McClellan accidentally discovered Lee’s plans and attacks. September 17, 1862

McClellan could have attacked on September 16 and routed Lee’s forces. Instead, he spent the day planning and investigating the terrain. That whole day the Confederates were reinforcing. Much of the fighting and dying took place near Burnside’s Bridge and the Sunken Road. Antietam / Sharpsburg

Burnside’s Bridge Antietam / Sharpsburg

Sunken Road Called “Bloody Lane”

Antietam / Sharpsburg

One of the largest cannon engagements of the war. Described as “Artillery Hell”. Antietam / Sharpsburg Casualties: Union killed; 9500 wounded Confederacy killed; 7800 wounded September 17, Single bloodiest day in American history.

Lee retreats. McClellan lets Lee’s forces escape. This angers Lincoln. Antietam / Sharpsburg Lincoln replaces McClellan with Ambrose Burnside. The battle was a draw, but the Union considers it a win they desperately needed.

Emancipation Proclamation

Lincoln needed a win to issue the Emancipation Proclamation. Antietam was the “win”. Emancipation Proclamation 5 days after Antietam, Lincoln issues a document stating that “all persons held as slaves in any state in rebellion against the United States shall be forever free.” Did not include the border slave states: West Virginia splits from Virginia. - Missouri - Kentucky - Maryland - Delaware

Ambrose Burnside did not want to be the leader of the Union army. Lincoln was convinced that Burnside would be a great general. Lincoln was wrong. Fredericksburg December 13, 1862 Burnside would be remembered for two things: the mistakes at Fredericksburg and his sideburns. Union troops advanced on the town of Fredericksburg to attack Robert E. Lee’s forces.

Fredericksburg is situated on the Rappahannock River. Fredericksburg Union on the east side. Confederates on the west side in town.

Fredericksburg The Union army needed to cross the river to reach the city. Burnside Mistake #1: He ordered pontoon bridges. When they did not arrive on time, he chose to wait. This gave Lee time to set up an ambush in town.

Fredericksburg After the ambush in town, the Confederates retreated west of town and up Marye’s Heights. They took up fortifications on the hill behind a stone wall. Burnside Mistake #2: He sent the Union army on suicidal charges up the hill.

Fredericksburg

The Union was forced to retreat. Luckily, Lee’s forces were to beat up to counterattack. Casualties: Union killed; 9600 wounded Confederacy killed; 4116 wounded Many of the officers at Fredericksburg would meet again. - Lee, Longstreet, Hill, Early, Stuart - Hancock, Sickles, Sykes, Chamberlain “It is well that war is terrible, we should grow to fond of it.” - Robert E. Lee

Fredericksburg Richard Kirkland - “The Angel of Marye’s Heights”

Chancellorsville After Fredericksburg, Burnside was replaced by Joseph Hooker. “Fighting” Joe was known as a ferocious leader. Before the battle, he suddenly became very cautious. The Union was camped at Chancellorsville, just west of Fredericksburg. May 2, 1863 As the Confederates (led by Lee) advanced on the Union camp, Hooker spent the day planning a double envelopment.

Chancellorsville “Stonewall” Jackson disrupted Hooker’s plan by leading a sneak attack on the Union’s west flank. For 2 days, the Union attempted to fend of the Confederates, but they were forced to retreat by a force half their size.

Chancellorsville May 2May 3May 4

Chancellorsville

Though Hooker’s caution caused the Union to be defeated, Lincoln did not replace him. He remained the leader of the Army of the Potomac until 2 weeks before Gettysburg. Despite the victory, the Confederates had their own loss. As “Stonewall” Jackson was returning from a scouting mission, he was mistakenly shot by his own soldiers. His left arm was amputated and he died a few days later. “He has lost his left arm, but I have lost my right.” - Robert E. Lee After Chancellorsville, the Confederates win very few battles.