America’s History Seventh Edition James A. Henretta Rebecca Edwards Robert O. Self America’s History Seventh Edition CHAPTER 23 The Great Depression and the New Deal, 1929-1939 Copyright © 2011 by Bedford/St. Martin’s

1. Who is the intended audience for this poster? (Answer: girls and women who are unemployed and willing to work as domestic servants.) 2. What emotions did the illustrator hope to evoke with this depiction of a young woman drying a dish? (Answer: this young woman appears happy to have a job; the ad tells women that they will be paid, fed, and provided with good working conditions; this young woman appears to appreciate the opportunity the Illinois State Employment Service has provided.) 3. How is this poster representative of what President Roosevelt hoped to provide the nation with his New Deal programs? (Answer: while he may not have been able to provide immediate economic comfort and security to all Americans, he could improve the spirit of the people through work and other relief programs, which in turn had the potential for improving consumer confidence and getting the economy moving again.)

2. What emotions did the illustrator hope to evoke with this depiction of a young woman drying a dish? 1. Who is the intended audience for this poster? (Answer: girls and women who are unemployed and willing to work as domestic servants.) 2. What emotions did the illustrator hope to evoke with this depiction of a young woman drying a dish? (Answer: this young woman appears happy to have a job; the ad tells women that they will be paid, fed, and provided with good working conditions; this young woman appears to appreciate the opportunity the Illinois State Employment Service has provided.) 3. How is this poster representative of what President Roosevelt hoped to provide the nation with his New Deal programs? (Answer: while he may not have been able to provide immediate economic comfort and security to all Americans, he could improve the spirit of the people through work and other relief programs, which in turn had the potential for improving consumer confidence and getting the economy moving again.)

3. How is this poster representative of what President Roosevelt hoped to provide the nation with his New Deal programs? 1. Who is the intended audience for this poster? (Answer: girls and women who are unemployed and willing to work as domestic servants.) 2. What emotions did the illustrator hope to evoke with this depiction of a young woman drying a dish? (Answer: this young woman appears happy to have a job; the ad tells women that they will be paid, fed, and provided with good working conditions; this young woman appears to appreciate the opportunity the Illinois State Employment Service has provided.) 3. How is this poster representative of what President Roosevelt hoped to provide the nation with his New Deal programs? (Answer: while he may not have been able to provide immediate economic comfort and security to all Americans, he could improve the spirit of the people through work and other relief programs, which in turn had the potential for improving consumer confidence and getting the economy moving again.)

I. The Early Years of the Depression, 1929-1932 Down and Out: Life in the Great Depression 1. Private Charity churches and synagogues were first to aid by winter 1931 they were overwhelmed by demand few states (8) had any kind of insurance for the unemployed no public support for the elderly, who had to rely on family. 2. Family Life Herbert Hoover Responds 1. American Traditions 2. Hoover’s Failures The Early Years of the Depression, 1929-1932 Down and Out: Life in the Great Depression Private Charity – churches and synagogues were first to aid; by winter 1931 they were overwhelmed by demand; few states (8) had any kind of insurance for the unemployed; no public support for the elderly, who had to rely on family. Family Life – delaying age of marriage, reduction in the number of pregnancies; three quarters of American school districts banned married women from working as teachers to give men job opportunities; nonetheless, female employment increased; unemployment rates worse among African American men and women. Herbert Hoover Responds American Traditions – Hoover followed two American traditions: 1) economic outcomes were the product of individual character; 2) through voluntary action business could regulate itself; encouraged Americans to remain confident; Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) cautiously provided federal loans to railroads, banks. Hoover’s Failures – reluctant to break with tradition of limited government; private charity could not handle massive amount of unemployment; perceived by Americans as insensitive even though he had done more than previous presidents in time of economic need.

I. The Early Years of the Depression, 1929-1932 Down and Out: Life in the Great Depression 2. Family Life delaying age of marriage, reduction in the number of pregnancies three quarters of American school districts banned married women from working as teachers to give men job opportunities nonetheless, female employment increased unemployment rates worse among African American men and women. Herbert Hoover Responds 1. American Traditions 2. Hoover’s Failures The Early Years of the Depression, 1929-1932 Down and Out: Life in the Great Depression Private Charity – churches and synagogues were first to aid; by winter 1931 they were overwhelmed by demand; few states (8) had any kind of insurance for the unemployed; no public support for the elderly, who had to rely on family. Family Life – delaying age of marriage, reduction in the number of pregnancies; three quarters of American school districts banned married women from working as teachers to give men job opportunities; nonetheless, female employment increased; unemployment rates worse among African American men and women. Herbert Hoover Responds American Traditions – Hoover followed two American traditions: 1) economic outcomes were the product of individual character; 2) through voluntary action business could regulate itself; encouraged Americans to remain confident; Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) cautiously provided federal loans to railroads, banks. Hoover’s Failures – reluctant to break with tradition of limited government; private charity could not handle massive amount of unemployment; perceived by Americans as insensitive even though he had done more than previous presidents in time of economic need.

I. The Early Years of the Depression, 1929-1932 Herbert Hoover Responds 1. American Traditions Hoover followed two American traditions: 1) economic outcomes were the product of individual character 2) through voluntary action business could regulate itself encouraged Americans to remain confident Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) cautiously provided federal loans to railroads, banks. 2. Hoover’s Failures reluctant to break with tradition of limited government; private charity could not handle massive amount of unemployment perceived by Americans as insensitive even though he had done more than previous presidents in time of economic need. The Early Years of the Depression, 1929-1932 Down and Out: Life in the Great Depression Private Charity – churches and synagogues were first to aid; by winter 1931 they were overwhelmed by demand; few states (8) had any kind of insurance for the unemployed; no public support for the elderly, who had to rely on family. Family Life – delaying age of marriage, reduction in the number of pregnancies; three quarters of American school districts banned married women from working as teachers to give men job opportunities; nonetheless, female employment increased; unemployment rates worse among African American men and women. Herbert Hoover Responds American Traditions – Hoover followed two American traditions: 1) economic outcomes were the product of individual character; 2) through voluntary action business could regulate itself; encouraged Americans to remain confident; Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) cautiously provided federal loans to railroads, banks. Hoover’s Failures – reluctant to break with tradition of limited government; private charity could not handle massive amount of unemployment; perceived by Americans as insensitive even though he had done more than previous presidents in time of economic need.

1. Examine the crowd greeting presidential candidate Franklin Roosevelt in West Virginia. In your opinion, why was Roosevelt photographed shaking the hand of a coal miner? 1. Examine the crowd greeting presidential candidate Franklin Roosevelt in West Virginia. In your opinion, why was Roosevelt photographed shaking the hand of a coal miner? (Answer: the image portrays FDR as connected with the working man, a critical visual for his campaign since his opponent, President Hoover, was perceived by many Americans to be out of touch with the working class.)

I. The Early Years of the Depression, 1929-1932 Rising Discontent 1. Hoovervilles the public connected Hoover’s name to the shanty towns erected by the homeless in urban areas farmers sought to collectively resist the banks and sheriffs who tried to evict them creation of the Farm Holiday Association to cut off supplies to urban areas as a result of low prices violent labor confrontations at Ford’s River Rouge Plant and among coal miners in Kentucky. The Early Years of the Depression, 1929-1932 Rising Discontent Hoovervilles – the public connected Hoover’s name to the shanty towns erected by the homeless in urban areas; farmers sought to collectively resist the banks and sheriffs who tried to evict them; creation of the Farm Holiday Association to cut off supplies to urban areas as a result of low prices; violent labor confrontations at Ford’s River Rouge Plant and among coal miners in Kentucky. The Bonus Army – summer 1932 15,000 unemployed World War I veterans traveled to Washington to demand their soldiers’ pension; camped near the Capitol building; Hoover called in the U.S. Army to evict them from the land; Hoover’s already weak popularity could not withstand public’s anger at the Army injuring veterans and burning their encampment. The 1932 Election Franklin D. Roosevelt – governor of New York, wealthy, served as assistant secretary of the navy during World War I, 1921 polio attack left him wheelchair-bound for life; easily defeated Hoover. The Worst Winter – FDR elected November, took office in March 1933; unemployment grew to 50% in Cleveland, 60% in Akron, 80% in Toledo; state governors began temporarily closing banks.

I. The Early Years of the Depression, 1929-1932 Rising Discontent 2. The Bonus Army summer 1932 15,000 unemployed World War I veterans traveled to Washington to demand their soldiers’ pension camped near the Capitol building Hoover called in the U.S. Army to evict them from the land Hoover’s already weak popularity could not withstand public’s anger at the Army injuring veterans and burning their encampment. The 1932 Election 1. Franklin D. Roosevelt governor of New York, wealthy, served as assistant secretary of the navy during World War I, 1921 polio attack left him wheelchair-bound for life easily defeated Hoover. 2. The Worst Winter FDR elected November, took office in March 1933 unemployment grew to 50% in Cleveland, 60% in Akron, 80% in Toledo state governors began temporarily closing banks. The Early Years of the Depression, 1929-1932 Rising Discontent Hoovervilles – the public connected Hoover’s name to the shanty towns erected by the homeless in urban areas; farmers sought to collectively resist the banks and sheriffs who tried to evict them; creation of the Farm Holiday Association to cut off supplies to urban areas as a result of low prices; violent labor confrontations at Ford’s River Rouge Plant and among coal miners in Kentucky. The Bonus Army – summer 1932 15,000 unemployed World War I veterans traveled to Washington to demand their soldiers’ pension; camped near the Capitol building; Hoover called in the U.S. Army to evict them from the land; Hoover’s already weak popularity could not withstand public’s anger at the Army injuring veterans and burning their encampment. The 1932 Election Franklin D. Roosevelt – governor of New York, wealthy, served as assistant secretary of the navy during World War I, 1921 polio attack left him wheelchair-bound for life; easily defeated Hoover. The Worst Winter – FDR elected November, took office in March 1933; unemployment grew to 50% in Cleveland, 60% in Akron, 80% in Toledo; state governors began temporarily closing banks.

I. The Early Years of the Depression, 1929-1932 The 1932 Election 1. Franklin D. Roosevelt governor of New York, wealthy, served as assistant secretary of the navy during World War I, 1921 polio attack left him wheelchair-bound for life easily defeated Hoover. 2. The Worst Winter FDR elected November, took office in March 1933 unemployment grew to 50% in Cleveland, 60% in Akron, 80% in Toledo state governors began temporarily closing banks. The Early Years of the Depression, 1929-1932 Rising Discontent Hoovervilles – the public connected Hoover’s name to the shanty towns erected by the homeless in urban areas; farmers sought to collectively resist the banks and sheriffs who tried to evict them; creation of the Farm Holiday Association to cut off supplies to urban areas as a result of low prices; violent labor confrontations at Ford’s River Rouge Plant and among coal miners in Kentucky. The Bonus Army – summer 1932 15,000 unemployed World War I veterans traveled to Washington to demand their soldiers’ pension; camped near the Capitol building; Hoover called in the U.S. Army to evict them from the land; Hoover’s already weak popularity could not withstand public’s anger at the Army injuring veterans and burning their encampment. The 1932 Election Franklin D. Roosevelt – governor of New York, wealthy, served as assistant secretary of the navy during World War I, 1921 polio attack left him wheelchair-bound for life; easily defeated Hoover. The Worst Winter – FDR elected November, took office in March 1933; unemployment grew to 50% in Cleveland, 60% in Akron, 80% in Toledo; state governors began temporarily closing banks.

II. The New Deal Arrives, 1933-1935 Roosevelt and the First Hundred Days 1. Banking Reform day after inauguration FDR declared a bank holiday to close all banks passed Emergency Banking Act calling for the Treasury Department to reopen banks that had enough reserves to operate in the first “fireside chat” FDR reassured Americans that the system would be stable created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) to insure deposits up to $2,500 and prohibited banks from making risky investments removed U.S. Treasury from the gold standard, Federal Reserve then lowered interest rates. 2. Agriculture and Manufacturing 3. Unemployment Relief 4. Housing Crisis The New Deal Arrives, 1933-1935 Roosevelt and the First Hundred Days Banking Reform – day after inauguration FDR declared a bank holiday to close all banks; passed Emergency Banking Act calling for the Treasury Department to reopen banks that had enough reserves to operate; in the first “fireside chat” FDR reassured Americans that the system would be stable; created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) to insure deposits up to $2,500 and prohibited banks from making risky investments; removed U.S. Treasury from the gold standard, Federal Reserve then lowered interest rates. Agriculture and Manufacturing – Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA): direct governmental regulation of the farm economy, provided subsidies to farmers to cut production so that prices would rise (wheat, cotton, corn, hogs, rice, tobacco, dairy); money mostly helped those with large farms, not sharecroppers; National Industrial Recovery Act created the National Recovery Administration (NRA) to create self-governing private associations in 600 industries. Unemployment Relief – Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), led by Harry Hopkins; avoided direct payouts (a “dole”) and instead put people to work in the Public Works Administration (PWA), Civil Works Administration (CWA), Civilian Conservation Corp (CCC). Housing Crisis – Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) created to refinance mortgages; Housing Act of 1937 changed the mortgage system.

II. The New Deal Arrives, 1933-1935 Roosevelt and the First Hundred Days 2. Agriculture and Manufacturing Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA): direct governmental regulation of the farm economy, provided subsidies to farmers to cut production so that prices would rise (wheat, cotton, corn, hogs, rice, tobacco, dairy) money mostly helped those with large farms, not sharecroppers National Industrial Recovery Act created the National Recovery Administration (NRA) to create self-governing private associations in 600 industries. 3. Unemployment Relief 4. Housing Crisis The New Deal Arrives, 1933-1935 Roosevelt and the First Hundred Days Banking Reform – day after inauguration FDR declared a bank holiday to close all banks; passed Emergency Banking Act calling for the Treasury Department to reopen banks that had enough reserves to operate; in the first “fireside chat” FDR reassured Americans that the system would be stable; created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) to insure deposits up to $2,500 and prohibited banks from making risky investments; removed U.S. Treasury from the gold standard, Federal Reserve then lowered interest rates. Agriculture and Manufacturing – Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA): direct governmental regulation of the farm economy, provided subsidies to farmers to cut production so that prices would rise (wheat, cotton, corn, hogs, rice, tobacco, dairy); money mostly helped those with large farms, not sharecroppers; National Industrial Recovery Act created the National Recovery Administration (NRA) to create self-governing private associations in 600 industries. Unemployment Relief – Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), led by Harry Hopkins; avoided direct payouts (a “dole”) and instead put people to work in the Public Works Administration (PWA), Civil Works Administration (CWA), Civilian Conservation Corp (CCC). Housing Crisis – Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) created to refinance mortgages; Housing Act of 1937 changed the mortgage system.

II. The New Deal Arrives, 1933-1935 Roosevelt and the First Hundred Days 3. Unemployment Relief Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), led by Harry Hopkins avoided direct payouts (a “dole”) and instead put people to work in the Public Works Administration (PWA), Civil Works Administration (CWA), Civilian Conservation Corp (CCC). 4. Housing Crisis Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) created to refinance mortgages Housing Act of 1937 changed the mortgage system. The New Deal Arrives, 1933-1935 Roosevelt and the First Hundred Days Banking Reform – day after inauguration FDR declared a bank holiday to close all banks; passed Emergency Banking Act calling for the Treasury Department to reopen banks that had enough reserves to operate; in the first “fireside chat” FDR reassured Americans that the system would be stable; created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) to insure deposits up to $2,500 and prohibited banks from making risky investments; removed U.S. Treasury from the gold standard, Federal Reserve then lowered interest rates. Agriculture and Manufacturing – Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA): direct governmental regulation of the farm economy, provided subsidies to farmers to cut production so that prices would rise (wheat, cotton, corn, hogs, rice, tobacco, dairy); money mostly helped those with large farms, not sharecroppers; National Industrial Recovery Act created the National Recovery Administration (NRA) to create self-governing private associations in 600 industries. Unemployment Relief – Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), led by Harry Hopkins; avoided direct payouts (a “dole”) and instead put people to work in the Public Works Administration (PWA), Civil Works Administration (CWA), Civilian Conservation Corp (CCC). Housing Crisis – Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) created to refinance mortgages; Housing Act of 1937 changed the mortgage system.

II. The New Deal Arrives, 1933-1935 The New Deal under Attack 1. Critics on the Right Republicans created the “Liberty League” with conservative Democrats to fight the New Deal creation of National Association of Manufacturers (NAM) produced radio, pictures, billboards, and direct mailing to promote free enterprise 1935 Schechter v. U.S. ruled the NIRA unconstitutional because it gave legislative powers to the executive Supreme Court struck down AAA, Railroad Retirement Act, and debt relief efforts. 2. Critics on the Populist Left The New Deal Arrives, 1933-1935 B. The New Deal under Attack Critics on the Right – Republicans created the “Liberty League” with conservative Democrats to fight the New Deal; creation of National Association of Manufacturers (NAM) produced radio, pictures, billboards, and direct mailing to promote free enterprise; 1935 Schechter v. U.S. ruled the NIRA unconstitutional because it gave legislative powers to the executive; Supreme Court struck down AAA, Railroad Retirement Act, and debt relief efforts. Critics on the Populist Left – Dr. Francis Townsend argued for an Old Age Revolving Pension Plan (1933) of $200/month to people over 60 who did not work; Father Charles Coughlin, Detroit priest, organized the National Union for Social Justice and took his argument that the New Deal was not doing enough to the radio; Sen. Huey Long (D-LA) became critical of the New Deal in 1934, created the “Share Our Wealth Society” to argue for the equal distribution of wealth and a 100% tax on all income over $1 million. 15

II. The New Deal Arrives, 1933-1935 The New Deal under Attack 2. Critics on the Populist Left Dr. Francis Townsend argued for an Old Age Revolving Pension Plan (1933) of $200/month to people over 60 who did not work Father Charles Coughlin, Detroit priest, organized the National Union for Social Justice and took his argument that the New Deal was not doing enough to the radio Sen. Huey Long (D-LA) became critical of the New Deal in 1934, created the “Share Our Wealth Society” to argue for the equal distribution of wealth and a 100% tax on all income over $1 million. The New Deal Arrives, 1933-1935 B. The New Deal under Attack Critics on the Right – Republicans created the “Liberty League” with conservative Democrats to fight the New Deal; creation of National Association of Manufacturers (NAM) produced radio, pictures, billboards, and direct mailing to promote free enterprise; 1935 Schechter v. U.S. ruled the NIRA unconstitutional because it gave legislative powers to the executive; Supreme Court struck down AAA, Railroad Retirement Act, and debt relief efforts. Critics on the Populist Left – Dr. Francis Townsend argued for an Old Age Revolving Pension Plan (1933) of $200/month to people over 60 who did not work; Father Charles Coughlin, Detroit priest, organized the National Union for Social Justice and took his argument that the New Deal was not doing enough to the radio; Sen. Huey Long (D-LA) became critical of the New Deal in 1934, created the “Share Our Wealth Society” to argue for the equal distribution of wealth and a 100% tax on all income over $1 million. 16

III. The Second New Deal and the Redefining of Liberalism, 1935-1938 The Welfare State Comes into Being 1. The Wagner Act and Social Security FDR moved left to combat critics NIRA, section 7a, gave workers the right to unionize voided by Supreme Court in 1935, new legislation proposed by Sen. Robert Wagner (D-NY) which upheld workers right to join unions outlawed industries’ ability to fire workers for organizing and suppress unions created the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) to protect workers and guarantee the right to collective bargaining Social Security Act (1935): old-age pension, federal-state system of compensation for the unemployed, payments to widowed mothers, blind, deaf, disabled. 2. New Deal Liberalism From Reform to Stalemate 1. 1936 Election 2. Court Battle and Economic Recession 3. Keynesian Economics The Second New Deal and the Redefining of Liberalism, 1935-1938 The Welfare State Comes into Being The Wagner Act and Social Security – FDR moved left to combat critics; NIRA, section 7a, gave workers the right to unionize; voided by Supreme Court in 1935, new legislation proposed by Sen. Robert Wagner (D-NY) which upheld workers right to join unions; outlawed industries’ ability to fire workers for organizing and suppress unions; created the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) to protect workers and guarantee the right to collective bargaining; Social Security Act (1935): old-age pension, federal-state system of compensation for the unemployed, payments to widowed mothers, blind, deaf, disabled. New Deal Liberalism – to preserve individual liberty, government must assist the needy and guarantee the peoples’ basic welfare. From Reform to Stalemate 1936 Election – Works Progress Administration (WPA) put 8.5 million people to work on construction/repair of roads, bridges, public buildings, parks, airports; new voters were energized by the Democratic Party under FDR; the party was able to attract voters from the North, the Midwest, organized labor, white ethnic groups, northern blacks, middle class, and many southerners. Court Battle and Economic Recession – FDR asked for changes to the Supreme Court; wanted to add a new member for every Court member over age 70; fears that the president wanted to “pack” the court with supporters; effort failed, though FDR did get to make appointments with subsequent retirements; “Roosevelt Recession”: 1937-1938, FDR increased spending to get out of the recession. Keynesian Economics – John Maynard Keynes, British economist, argued that government intervention could aid the business cycle through deficit spending and manipulating interest rates.

III. The Second New Deal and the Redefining of Liberalism, 1935-1938 The Welfare State Comes into Being 2. New Deal Liberalism to preserve individual liberty, government must assist the needy and guarantee the peoples’ basic welfare. From Reform to Stalemate 1. 1936 Election Works Progress Administration (WPA) put 8.5 million people to work on construction/repair of roads, bridges, public buildings, parks, airports new voters were energized by the Democratic Party under FDR; the party was able to attract voters from the North, the Midwest, organized labor, white ethnic groups, northern blacks, middle class, and many southerners. 2. Court Battle and Economic Recession 3. Keynesian Economics The Second New Deal and the Redefining of Liberalism, 1935-1938 The Welfare State Comes into Being The Wagner Act and Social Security – FDR moved left to combat critics; NIRA, section 7a, gave workers the right to unionize; voided by Supreme Court in 1935, new legislation proposed by Sen. Robert Wagner (D-NY) which upheld workers right to join unions; outlawed industries’ ability to fire workers for organizing and suppress unions; created the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) to protect workers and guarantee the right to collective bargaining; Social Security Act (1935): old-age pension, federal-state system of compensation for the unemployed, payments to widowed mothers, blind, deaf, disabled. New Deal Liberalism – to preserve individual liberty, government must assist the needy and guarantee the peoples’ basic welfare. From Reform to Stalemate 1936 Election – Works Progress Administration (WPA) put 8.5 million people to work on construction/repair of roads, bridges, public buildings, parks, airports; new voters were energized by the Democratic Party under FDR; the party was able to attract voters from the North, the Midwest, organized labor, white ethnic groups, northern blacks, middle class, and many southerners. Court Battle and Economic Recession – FDR asked for changes to the Supreme Court; wanted to add a new member for every Court member over age 70; fears that the president wanted to “pack” the court with supporters; effort failed, though FDR did get to make appointments with subsequent retirements; “Roosevelt Recession”: 1937-1938, FDR increased spending to get out of the recession. Keynesian Economics – John Maynard Keynes, British economist, argued that government intervention could aid the business cycle through deficit spending and manipulating interest rates.

III. The Second New Deal and the Redefining of Liberalism, 1935-1938 From Reform to Stalemate 2. Court Battle and Economic Recession FDR asked for changes to the Supreme Court wanted to add a new member for every Court member over age 70 fears that the president wanted to “pack” the court with supporters effort failed, though FDR did get to make appointments with subsequent retirements “Roosevelt Recession”: 1937-1938, FDR increased spending to get out of the recession. Keynesian Economics – John Maynard Keynes, British economist, argued that government intervention could aid the business cycle through deficit spending and manipulating interest rates. 3. Keynesian Economics The Second New Deal and the Redefining of Liberalism, 1935-1938 The Welfare State Comes into Being The Wagner Act and Social Security – FDR moved left to combat critics; NIRA, section 7a, gave workers the right to unionize; voided by Supreme Court in 1935, new legislation proposed by Sen. Robert Wagner (D-NY) which upheld workers right to join unions; outlawed industries’ ability to fire workers for organizing and suppress unions; created the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) to protect workers and guarantee the right to collective bargaining; Social Security Act (1935): old-age pension, federal-state system of compensation for the unemployed, payments to widowed mothers, blind, deaf, disabled. New Deal Liberalism – to preserve individual liberty, government must assist the needy and guarantee the peoples’ basic welfare. From Reform to Stalemate 1936 Election – Works Progress Administration (WPA) put 8.5 million people to work on construction/repair of roads, bridges, public buildings, parks, airports; new voters were energized by the Democratic Party under FDR; the party was able to attract voters from the North, the Midwest, organized labor, white ethnic groups, northern blacks, middle class, and many southerners. Court Battle and Economic Recession – FDR asked for changes to the Supreme Court; wanted to add a new member for every Court member over age 70; fears that the president wanted to “pack” the court with supporters; effort failed, though FDR did get to make appointments with subsequent retirements; “Roosevelt Recession”: 1937-1938, FDR increased spending to get out of the recession. Keynesian Economics – John Maynard Keynes, British economist, argued that government intervention could aid the business cycle through deficit spending and manipulating interest rates.

III. The Second New Deal and the Redefining of Liberalism, 1935-1938 From Reform to Stalemate 3. Keynesian Economics John Maynard Keynes, British economist, argued that government intervention could aid the business cycle through deficit spending and manipulating interest rates. The Second New Deal and the Redefining of Liberalism, 1935-1938 The Welfare State Comes into Being The Wagner Act and Social Security – FDR moved left to combat critics; NIRA, section 7a, gave workers the right to unionize; voided by Supreme Court in 1935, new legislation proposed by Sen. Robert Wagner (D-NY) which upheld workers right to join unions; outlawed industries’ ability to fire workers for organizing and suppress unions; created the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) to protect workers and guarantee the right to collective bargaining; Social Security Act (1935): old-age pension, federal-state system of compensation for the unemployed, payments to widowed mothers, blind, deaf, disabled. New Deal Liberalism – to preserve individual liberty, government must assist the needy and guarantee the peoples’ basic welfare. From Reform to Stalemate 1936 Election – Works Progress Administration (WPA) put 8.5 million people to work on construction/repair of roads, bridges, public buildings, parks, airports; new voters were energized by the Democratic Party under FDR; the party was able to attract voters from the North, the Midwest, organized labor, white ethnic groups, northern blacks, middle class, and many southerners. Court Battle and Economic Recession – FDR asked for changes to the Supreme Court; wanted to add a new member for every Court member over age 70; fears that the president wanted to “pack” the court with supporters; effort failed, though FDR did get to make appointments with subsequent retirements; “Roosevelt Recession”: 1937-1938, FDR increased spending to get out of the recession. Keynesian Economics – John Maynard Keynes, British economist, argued that government intervention could aid the business cycle through deficit spending and manipulating interest rates.

IV. The New Deal’s Impact on Society A People’s Democracy 1. Organized Labor increased numbers and political power; Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) brought together all workers in an industry. 2. Women and the New Deal generally enhanced women’s welfare but not directly Frances Perkins, first woman named to a cabinet post (Labor) Eleanor Roosevelt had high profile position in the White House as the “conscience of the New Deal.” 3. African Americans under the New Deal 4. Indian Policy 5. Struggles in the West The New Deal’s Impact on Society A People’s Democracy Organized Labor – increased numbers and political power; Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) brought together all workers in an industry. Women and the New Deal – generally enhanced women’s welfare but not directly; Frances Perkins, first woman named to a cabinet post (Labor); Eleanor Roosevelt had high profile position in the White House as the “conscience of the New Deal.” African Americans under the New Deal – FDR was extremely popular among African Americans, but did little to aid them directly; CCC camps were segregated, Social Security and the Wagner Act excluded domestic and agricultural workers; no federal anti-lynching law; Scottsboro Boys case revealed how unfair the southern justice system was to African Americans; southern Democrats controlled the states where most blacks lived. Indian Policy – John Collier, head of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), pushed through the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 (“Indian New Deal”): reversed the Dawes Act, gave Indians increased religious freedom and more power to tribal governments; government still financially controlled reservations. Struggles in the West – government promoted “repatriation “ of Mexicans (deportation), about 60% of those deported were U.S. citizens; others left voluntarily; in California Mexican American Movement (MAM) organized with help from New Deal funds; discrimination against Asians and Asian Americans worsened with economic downturn; many were ineligible for citizenship and aid.

IV. The New Deal’s Impact on Society A People’s Democracy 3. African Americans under the New Deal FDR was extremely popular among African Americans, but did little to aid them directly CCC camps were segregated, Social Security and the Wagner Act excluded domestic and agricultural workers no federal anti-lynching law Scottsboro Boys case revealed how unfair the southern justice system was to African Americans southern Democrats controlled the states where most blacks lived. 4. Indian Policy 5. Struggles in the West The New Deal’s Impact on Society A People’s Democracy Organized Labor – increased numbers and political power; Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) brought together all workers in an industry. Women and the New Deal – generally enhanced women’s welfare but not directly; Frances Perkins, first woman named to a cabinet post (Labor); Eleanor Roosevelt had high profile position in the White House as the “conscience of the New Deal.” African Americans under the New Deal – FDR was extremely popular among African Americans, but did little to aid them directly; CCC camps were segregated, Social Security and the Wagner Act excluded domestic and agricultural workers; no federal anti-lynching law; Scottsboro Boys case revealed how unfair the southern justice system was to African Americans; southern Democrats controlled the states where most blacks lived. Indian Policy – John Collier, head of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), pushed through the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 (“Indian New Deal”): reversed the Dawes Act, gave Indians increased religious freedom and more power to tribal governments; government still financially controlled reservations. Struggles in the West – government promoted “repatriation “ of Mexicans (deportation), about 60% of those deported were U.S. citizens; others left voluntarily; in California Mexican American Movement (MAM) organized with help from New Deal funds; discrimination against Asians and Asian Americans worsened with economic downturn; many were ineligible for citizenship and aid.

IV. The New Deal’s Impact on Society A People’s Democracy 4. Indian Policy John Collier, head of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), pushed through the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 (“Indian New Deal”): reversed the Dawes Act, gave Indians increased religious freedom and more power to tribal governments government still financially controlled reservations. 5. Struggles in the West government promoted “repatriation “ of Mexicans (deportation), about 60% of those deported were U.S. citizens others left voluntarily in California Mexican American Movement (MAM) organized with help from New Deal funds discrimination against Asians and Asian Americans worsened with economic downturn many were ineligible for citizenship and aid. The New Deal’s Impact on Society A People’s Democracy Organized Labor – increased numbers and political power; Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) brought together all workers in an industry. Women and the New Deal – generally enhanced women’s welfare but not directly; Frances Perkins, first woman named to a cabinet post (Labor); Eleanor Roosevelt had high profile position in the White House as the “conscience of the New Deal.” African Americans under the New Deal – FDR was extremely popular among African Americans, but did little to aid them directly; CCC camps were segregated, Social Security and the Wagner Act excluded domestic and agricultural workers; no federal anti-lynching law; Scottsboro Boys case revealed how unfair the southern justice system was to African Americans; southern Democrats controlled the states where most blacks lived. Indian Policy – John Collier, head of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), pushed through the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 (“Indian New Deal”): reversed the Dawes Act, gave Indians increased religious freedom and more power to tribal governments; government still financially controlled reservations. Struggles in the West – government promoted “repatriation “ of Mexicans (deportation), about 60% of those deported were U.S. citizens; others left voluntarily; in California Mexican American Movement (MAM) organized with help from New Deal funds; discrimination against Asians and Asian Americans worsened with economic downturn; many were ineligible for citizenship and aid.

IV. The New Deal’s Impact on Society A People’s Democracy 5. Struggles in the West government promoted “repatriation “ of Mexicans (deportation), about 60% of those deported were U.S. citizens others left voluntarily in California Mexican American Movement (MAM) organized with help from New Deal funds discrimination against Asians and Asian Americans worsened with economic downturn many were ineligible for citizenship and aid. The New Deal’s Impact on Society A People’s Democracy Organized Labor – increased numbers and political power; Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) brought together all workers in an industry. Women and the New Deal – generally enhanced women’s welfare but not directly; Frances Perkins, first woman named to a cabinet post (Labor); Eleanor Roosevelt had high profile position in the White House as the “conscience of the New Deal.” African Americans under the New Deal – FDR was extremely popular among African Americans, but did little to aid them directly; CCC camps were segregated, Social Security and the Wagner Act excluded domestic and agricultural workers; no federal anti-lynching law; Scottsboro Boys case revealed how unfair the southern justice system was to African Americans; southern Democrats controlled the states where most blacks lived. Indian Policy – John Collier, head of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), pushed through the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 (“Indian New Deal”): reversed the Dawes Act, gave Indians increased religious freedom and more power to tribal governments; government still financially controlled reservations. Struggles in the West – government promoted “repatriation “ of Mexicans (deportation), about 60% of those deported were U.S. citizens; others left voluntarily; in California Mexican American Movement (MAM) organized with help from New Deal funds; discrimination against Asians and Asian Americans worsened with economic downturn; many were ineligible for citizenship and aid.

1. According to these farm workers, what has the state of California done to alleviate their suffering during the Great Depression? 1. According to these farm workers, what has the state of California done to alleviate their suffering during the Great Depression? (Answer: signage indicates that the governor has sent sheriffs and patrolmen but no direct aid, food to the people.) 2. What unique challenges did farm workers, such as the men and women photographed here, face during the Great Depression? (Answer: some were not American citizens – government aid was not available to non-citizens, faced deportation; migrant nature of farm work made it difficult for these workers to organize the way that faculty workers could in urban areas.)

2. What unique challenges did farm workers, such as the men and women photographed here, face during the Great Depression? 1. According to these farm workers, what has the state of California done to alleviate their suffering during the Great Depression? (Answer: signage indicates that the governor has sent sheriffs and patrolmen but no direct aid, food to the people.) 2. What unique challenges did farm workers, such as the men and women photographed here, face during the Great Depression? (Answer: some were not American citizens – government aid was not available to non-citizens, faced deportation; migrant nature of farm work made it difficult for these workers to organize the way that faculty workers could in urban areas.)

IV. The New Deal’s Impact on Society Reshaping the Environment 1. Dust Bowl 1930-1941 severe drought on the Great Plains approx. 350,000 “Okies” sought to leave the region for California Soil Conservation Service tried to work with farmers to prevent future soil erosion, stop producing certain crops and plant grasses. 2. Tennessee Valley Authority 3. Grand Coulee The New Deal and the Arts 1. The Federal Art Project 2. “Documentary Impulse” The New Deal’s Impact on Society Reshaping the Environment Dust Bowl – 1930-1941 severe drought on the Great Plains; approx. 350,000 “Okies” sought to leave the region for California; Soil Conservation Service tried to work with farmers to prevent future soil erosion, stop producing certain crops and plant grasses. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) – begun 1933, flood control, reforestation, electricity generation, agricultural and industrial development, dams; Rural Electrification Administration (REA) helped bring electricity to the region with loans to farmers. Grand Coulee – building of the Grand Coulee Dam on the Columbia River in Washington State; largest electricity producing structure in the world. The New Deal and the Arts The Federal Art Project – “Art for the Millions”; provided work for artists; Jackson Pollack, Alice Neel, Willem de Kooning among others; Federal Music Project and Writers’ Project further employed musicians and writers; Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God and Richard Wright’s Native Son both supported by these programs. “Documentary Impulse” – a focus by artists on actual events relevant to peoples’ lives; examples included John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath and John Dos Passos’s USA trilogy.

IV. The New Deal’s Impact on Society Reshaping the Environment 2. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) begun 1933, flood control, reforestation, electricity generation, agricultural and industrial development, dams Rural Electrification Administration (REA) helped bring electricity to the region with loans to farmers. 3. Grand Coulee The New Deal and the Arts 1. The Federal Art Project 2. “Documentary Impulse” The New Deal’s Impact on Society Reshaping the Environment Dust Bowl – 1930-1941 severe drought on the Great Plains; approx. 350,000 “Okies” sought to leave the region for California; Soil Conservation Service tried to work with farmers to prevent future soil erosion, stop producing certain crops and plant grasses. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) – begun 1933, flood control, reforestation, electricity generation, agricultural and industrial development, dams; Rural Electrification Administration (REA) helped bring electricity to the region with loans to farmers. Grand Coulee – building of the Grand Coulee Dam on the Columbia River in Washington State; largest electricity producing structure in the world. The New Deal and the Arts The Federal Art Project – “Art for the Millions”; provided work for artists; Jackson Pollack, Alice Neel, Willem de Kooning among others; Federal Music Project and Writers’ Project further employed musicians and writers; Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God and Richard Wright’s Native Son both supported by these programs. “Documentary Impulse” – a focus by artists on actual events relevant to peoples’ lives; examples included John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath and John Dos Passos’s USA trilogy.

IV. The New Deal’s Impact on Society Reshaping the Environment 3. Grand Coulee building of the Grand Coulee Dam on the Columbia River in Washington State largest electricity producing structure in the world. The New Deal and the Arts 1. The Federal Art Project “Art for the Millions” provided work for artists Jackson Pollack, Alice Neel, Willem de Kooning among others Federal Music Project and Writers’ Project further employed musicians and writers Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God and Richard Wright’s Native Son both supported by these programs. 2. “Documentary Impulse” The New Deal’s Impact on Society Reshaping the Environment Dust Bowl – 1930-1941 severe drought on the Great Plains; approx. 350,000 “Okies” sought to leave the region for California; Soil Conservation Service tried to work with farmers to prevent future soil erosion, stop producing certain crops and plant grasses. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) – begun 1933, flood control, reforestation, electricity generation, agricultural and industrial development, dams; Rural Electrification Administration (REA) helped bring electricity to the region with loans to farmers. Grand Coulee – building of the Grand Coulee Dam on the Columbia River in Washington State; largest electricity producing structure in the world. The New Deal and the Arts The Federal Art Project – “Art for the Millions”; provided work for artists; Jackson Pollack, Alice Neel, Willem de Kooning among others; Federal Music Project and Writers’ Project further employed musicians and writers; Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God and Richard Wright’s Native Son both supported by these programs. “Documentary Impulse” – a focus by artists on actual events relevant to peoples’ lives; examples included John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath and John Dos Passos’s USA trilogy.

1. Examine these two photographs by Dorothea Lange 1. Examine these two photographs by Dorothea Lange. What did Lange hope to convey to her audience about life in California during the Great Depression through these images? 1. Examine these two photographs by Dorothea Lange. What did Lange hope to convey to her audience about life in California during the Great Depression through these images? (Answer: both images attest to the sheer sense of loss and disillusion Americans felt during this period. Drought refugees – all of their possessions loaded on a truck and likely no place to go; the mother sits with an infant on the side of a dirt road. “Migrant Mother” – the desperation in this woman’s eyes as her children lean against her shoulders, shielding their eyes.)

1. How is the Grand Coulee Dam representative of New Deal programs? (Answer: as tangible evidence of the work done by Americans in the Roosevelt administration’s Public Works Administration; the dam, like the New Deal, didn’t end the Great Depression, but the construction of the structure served multiple purposes: put men to work, harnessed water power for the betterment of local communities, and improved the Depression-era morale of the men paid to do the work who were previously unemployed.)

1. Examine Shahn’s work, The Promise of the New Deal 1. Examine Shahn’s work, The Promise of the New Deal. What is the central action of this third panel of the three-part mural? 1. Examine Shahn’s work, The Promise of the New Deal. What is the central action of this third panel of the three-part mural? (Answer: top left corner a teacher lectures to students about the AFL, CIO and other unions; lower right planners study the blueprints for the community they are creating; lower and upper centers of mural show men and women who will soon be residents; top right a COOP building.) 2. In your opinion, what message was Shahn presenting to his audience about the New Deal? (Answer: taken together, the three panels portray the New Deal in a positive light; this third panel displays the work of educators and city planners in creating a community that will offer a haven from the hardship of life in the city; the overall message is hope and a more promising future for the men and women who will populate Roosevelt.) 3. How might critics of the New Deal have responded to Shahn’s work? (Answer: to those on the political Right, the presence of pro-union education for the residents, a COOP, and government planning of a community might have appeared radical, even socialist.)

2. In your opinion, what message was Shahn presenting to his audience about the New Deal? 1. Examine Shahn’s work, The Promise of the New Deal. What is the central action of this third panel of the three-part mural? (Answer: top left corner a teacher lectures to students about the AFL, CIO and other unions; lower right planners study the blueprints for the community they are creating; lower and upper centers of mural show men and women who will soon be residents; top right a COOP building.) 2. In your opinion, what message was Shahn presenting to his audience about the New Deal? (Answer: taken together, the three panels portray the New Deal in a positive light; this third panel displays the work of educators and city planners in creating a community that will offer a haven from the hardship of life in the city; the overall message is hope and a more promising future for the men and women who will populate Roosevelt.) 3. How might critics of the New Deal have responded to Shahn’s work? (Answer: to those on the political Right, the presence of pro-union education for the residents, a COOP, and government planning of a community might have appeared radical, even socialist.)