U.S. History Unit 1

SSUSH 1

SSUSH 1a Explain Virginia’s development; include the Virginia Company, tobacco cultivation, relationships with Native Americans such as Powhatan, development of the House of Burgesses, Bacon’s Rebellion, and the development of slavery.

Explain Virginia’s Development Focus Explain Virginia’s Development

Development of Slavery Element Theme Virginia Company Tobacco Cultivation Powhatan House of Burgesses Bacon’s Rebellion Development of Slavery Economics/Migration Economics/Cash Crop Conflict/ Native Americans Government Conflict/Between Colonists Migration/Forced

Virginia Company Joint-Stock company that established Jamestown.

What geographic feature surrounding Jamestown allowed for the settlement and the Virginia colony to proper?

The large Chesapeake Bay allowed the Virginia colony to Import and Export goods with Europe.

The swamps surrounding Jamestown caused many to die in the early years of malaria carried by mosquitos.

Jamestown, VA 1st Permanent English settlement

Tobacco An agricultural crop that yielded great cash for Virginia. Called a Cash Crop. Helped Jamestown and Virginia survive. Made Virginia colony Wealthy.

Native Americans surrounding Jamestown caused many as the relationship between the colonist and Indians turned bad.

Theme Alert: Land was an issue of conflict between the colonist who wanted more and the Native Americans wanting to stay on it.

Powhatan Native American tribe near Jamestown. Initially good relations. Relations became hostile and they warred with Jamestown settlers. Conflict – European Native American conflict

The colonist in Jamestown had class conflict with their royal government over land and how to deal with Native Americans.

Bacon’s Rebellion Uprising of Virginia frontiersmen. Led by Nathaniel Bacon. Against the VA government due to Indian attacks on the frontier. 1st example of class struggle in America.

Theme Alert: Westward expansion (migration) by frontier farmers looking for land caused conflict. Between themselves and Native Americans.

House of Burgesses Established in Virginia in 1619 Elected representatives helped govern the colony. Example of a representative democracy in the Colonies.

Town Hall Meetings Example of Direct Democracy A promising step toward genuine self-government.

Direct Democracy Representative Democracy

Development of Slavery The first shipment of slaves landed in Jamestown in 1619. Slave labor was used to plant and harvest labor intensive agriculture (Tobacco).

Growth of African Population African American population will explode in the new world as the expansion into new land created more need for slave labor in the south.

African Culture African culture is still very much a part of the culture of America today and can be heard in the music, seen in dance, and in art and literature.

Movement – Physical Migration (Free and Forced) Theme Movement – Physical Migration (Free and Forced)

Colonial Geographic Regions

SSUSH 1b Describe the settlement of New England; include religious reasons, relations with Native Americans (e.g. King Phillip’s war), the establishment of town meetings and the development of a legislature, religious tensions that led to the founding of Rhode Island, the half-way covenant, Salem Witch Trials, and the loss of the Massachusetts charter and the transition to a royal colony.

Describe the Settlement of New England Focus Describe the Settlement of New England

Element Theme Religious Reasons King Philip’s War Town Meetings Rhode Island Half-way Covenant Salem Witch Trials Loss of Mass. Charter Migration/ Reasons Conflict/Native Amer. Government Religious Tensions Conflict/Colonists and Royal government

Religious Reasons Settlement of New England

Settlers (Puritans) in Plymouth in Massachusetts wanted to escape religious persecution in England & Europe.

Ironically, Puritan leaders in Massachusetts were not very tolerant of other religions when they settled in New England.

Movement – Colonization Theme Movement – Colonization

Relations with native Americans Settlement of New England

King Philip’s War Bloody conflict between English Settlers and Native Americans. Resulted in Metacom and the Native Americans losing. Settlers take over land; Native Americans move west.

Theme Alert: Land was an issue of conflict between the colonist who wanted more and the Native Americans wanting to stay on it.

King Philip’s war ended with a lasting defeat for the Native Americas in Massachusetts.

Establishment of a Legislature – Town meetings Settlement of New England

The Mayflower Compact Established a colonial government deriving power from consent of the governed. Example of a direct democracy in the colonies. Present day town meetings are and example of direct democracy. Which were a promising step toward genuine self-government. The Pilgrims sent scouting parties out to decide what would be the optimum site for their colony and chose the rock stretch of beach at what we now call Plymouth Bay. This site was outside the land given to the Virginia Company and they were technically squatters. Before leaving the ship they sat down and wrote out what would the brief compact what would form a crude gov’t. It is important not so much for what it says but because it starts the precedent for written constitutions in the US and the idea that the gov’t is formed with and by the consent of the people. Only 44 of the original 102 survived the first winter. At one point only 7 of the colonists were well enough to bury the dead.

Town Hall Meetings Example of Direct Democracy A promising step toward genuine self-government.

Direct Democracy Representative Democracy

Social and Political interactions – Colonial governments Theme Social and Political interactions – Colonial governments

Religious tensions Settlement of New England Theme - Conflict – Among Colonists (Religious)

Religious Tensions – Rhode Island Roger Williams was banished from Massachusetts. Founded Rhode Island based on freedom of religious and political beliefs. Roger Williams believed the government had no business telling people what to believe. Williams disapproved of confiscating land from Native Americans. Williams wanted to separate completely from the Anglican Church which he saw as corrupt. This brought him in to conflict with most leaders in the puritan movement. He also challenged the Bay Charter because the land was taken from the indians without fair compensation. He also believed in separation of church and state. The Bible does address such matters and Williams felt that the civil gov’t should regulate religious behavior. In 1635 the Bay Colonies authorities found him guilty of spreading “new & dangerous opinions” and banished him (they thought to England).

Rhode Island Very tolerant of other religions Separation of Church and State Treated Native Americans with respect and purchased land from them rather than take it by force. Democratic example However in 1636 he sought refuge with a friendly indian tribe, the Wampanoag. The next spring the chief, “Massasoit gave him a tract of land along the Seekonk River”. This land would become what is now East Providence. The Mass Bay leaders claimed it was part of their colony and Williams looked for other land. Williams “negotiated a deal for the land that was to become Providence with the Narragansett [chiefs] Cononicus and Miantonomo. In return for the land, Roger would allow the Sachems to come and take whatever English trade goods they wanted from him. The Narragansett’s made this deal with Roger so they could add one more resource to the area around the Cove: English trade goods. By giving the land to Roger the Narragansett now had close access to these trade goods without having to deal with Boston or Plymouth, English that they trusted far less than Roger.” http://www.nps.gov/rowi/historyculture/foundingprovidence.htm

Religious Tensions – Half Way Covenant Caused by declining church membership. A compromise made by the Puritans that allowed the younger generation of children to become members of the Church. To expand church membership. First generation Puritans were very devout. However their zeal was fading as their population grew and people moved into outlying farms and got further away from the control of the church and nosy neighbors. By the middle of the 17th century Puritans began hearing sermons inspired by the prophet Jeremiah warning of the impending doom that would befall parishioners for their lack of piety and religious devotion. There was also a decline in conversions at this time. To gain full membership and be considered one of the elect people had to make a public statement of conversion and the church had to vote on whether to admit you, basically if they believed that you lived a pious enough life to convince them of your conversion. All of this led to a decline in church membership that troubled Puritan leaders. Their solution was the half-way covenant which allowed the children of church members to have partial membership rights. They could be baptized but could not partake in communion or vote on church matters until the congregation was convinced of their conversion. This liberalization of the church continues at prominent families are left out of leadership because voting was restricted to the Visible Saints, those with full church membership.

Religious Tensions – Salem Witchcraft Trials Unsettled social & religious conditions in a rapidly evolving Massachusetts. Example of how religion and government was mixed with disastrous results. A group of young girls claimed to have been bewitched by several older women. In the resulting hysteria 20 people were executed for being witches as were 2 dogs. The accused predominantly fell into one of three categories: 1. people no one liked 2. people who were enemies of their accusers 3. people who spoke out against the trials. Causes for the Outbreak of Witchcraft Hysteria in Salem 1.  Strong belief that Satan is acting in the world. ---------"The invisible world": disease, natural catastophes, and bad fortune attributed to work of the devil 2.  A belief that Satan recruits witches and wizards to work for him. ---------Prior witchcraft cases in New England (and Europe before) 3.  A belief that a person afflicted by witchcraft exhibits certain symptoms. ---------Cotton Mather's Memorable Providences ---------Most symptoms can be feigned 4.  A time  of troubles, making it seem likely that Satan was active. ---------Smallpox ---------Congregational strife in Salem Village ---------Frontier wars with Indians 5.  Stimulation of imaginations by Tituba. (indian slave) 6.   Convulsive ergotism, a disease caused by eating infecting rye that can produce hallucinations, causing strange behavior?  (Interesting theory, but unlikely.) 7.  Teenage boredom. ---------No television, no CDs, and lots of Bible reading ---------Strict and humorless Parris household 8.  Magistrates and judges receptive to accusations of witchcraft. ---------See as way to shift blame for their own wartime failures ---------Admission of spectral evidence 9.  Confessing "witches" adding credibility to earlier charges. 10.  Old feuds (disputes within congregation, property disputes) between the accusers and the accused spurring charges of witchcraft.

Half-Way covenant Rhode Island Salem Witch Trials Religious Tensions

Loss of the Massachusetts charter Settlement of New England

Navigation Acts A series of laws enacted by parliament, beginning in 1651, to tighten England’s control of trade in its American Colonies.

Massachusetts Bay Response Massachusetts disobeyed the Navigation Acts and argued that it did not have to obey them because it had a corporate charter and not a royal charter when it was created.

King Charles II King Charles cancelled the corporate charter and issued a Royal charter to the Massachusetts Bay Colony forcing it to become a Royal Colony under the control of Great Britain.

Conflict – Colonial conflict with royal government. Theme Conflict – Colonial conflict with royal government.

SSUSH 1c Explain the development of the mid-Atlantic colonies; include the Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam and subsequent English takeover, and the settlement of Pennsylvania.

Element Theme Dutch/New Amsterdam Pennsylvania Migration/Economics Migration/Religious

Dutch settlement of new Amsterdam Settlement of Mid-Atlantic colonies

The Dutch owned New Amsterdam The Dutch owned New Amsterdam. British King Charles II realized it was an important trade and business center. In 1664 he took it over and renamed it “New York”

The geographic location of New York with its harbor and river system will make it an important location of trade in the United States.

settlement of Pennsylvania Settlement of Mid-Atlantic colonies

Pennsylvania Established by the leader William Penn Quakers – religious group

Explain the reasons for French settlement of Quebec. SSUSH 1d Explain the reasons for French settlement of Quebec.

French Settlement of Quebec Settled to establish a fur trade with the Native Americans.

Reasons for French Settlement of Quebec Christian Missionaries Beaver Pelts/ Fur Trade Trade with Native Americans Reasons for French Settlement of Quebec

SSUSH 1e Analyze the impact of location and place on colonial settlement, transportation, and economic development; include the southern, middle, and New England colonies.

New England Colonies Middle Colonies Southern Colonies tobacco

The geographic location of Jamestown settlement on the Chesapeake bay allowed for it to trade goods like Tobacco with Europe. The large bay allowed for trade.

The geographic location of New England to not allow large farming as in the South. Commerce, Trade, and Industry become center of the economy.

New England More Industrial than the South or Middle Colonies Southern Colonies more agricultural than the Northern colonies

SSUSH 2

SSUSH 2a Explain the development of mercantilism and the trans-Atlantic trade.

Mercantilism Economic system practiced by Great Britain to use natural resources from the American colonies to make itself wealthy by competing with other nations in international trade. Goal - Export more products than you import.

Mercantilism Trade with the colonies was regulated by Great Britain. The British sold expensive manufactured goods to colonists. While the colonist sold cheaper raw materials, such as tobacco and cotton, to the British.

Navigation Acts All goods from colonies must be transported on ships made in Great Britain. A list of certain goods could only be sold to Great Britain. All colonial ships must pass through British ports and be taxed. A series of laws enacted by parliament, beginning in 1651, to tighten England’s control of trade in its American Colonies.

Triangular Trade The transatlantic system of trade in which goods and people, including slaves, were exchanged between Africa, England, Europe, The west Indies, and the colonies in North America. Great Britain controlled it to keep the American Colonies from competing against Great Britain in trade with other nations (mercantilism).

SSUSH 2b Describe the Middle Passage, growth of the African population, and African American culture.

Middle Passage The voyage that brought enslaved Africans to the West Indies and later to North America.

SSUSH 2c Identify Benjamin Franklin as a symbol of social mobility and individualism.

Benjamin Franklin An example of social mobility in that he was born in poverty and through his own efforts (individualism) become a successful inventor, statesman, ambassador, and businessman. Beginnings of the American dream. Idea that hard work and talent can lead to success. Idea seen in the writings of confuscious, machiavelli

Explain the significance of the Great Awakening. SSUSH 2d Explain the significance of the Great Awakening.

Great Awakening A period of dramatic religious revival in Colonial history 1730’s Influenced politics by driving colonist to question authority of government. A spiritual belief in democratic concepts such as freedom, equality, etc.