Steel 1.34% growth in steel production in the last 10 years 2.50% of production in OECD, Moderate trade – 30% of production traded 4.Highly fragmented – Top ten companies account for 28% of production 5.International Iron and Steel Institute

Steel emissions 1.5.2% (estimated) of total anthropogenic GHG emissions 2.Two production routes –integrated & electric arc furnace 3.Emissions sources –Integrated – fossil fuels:2.7 tCO 2 /tSteel –Integrated – electricity: tCO 2 /tSteel –Electric furnace – fossil fuels:0.2 tCO 2 /tSteel Electric furnace – electricity:0-0.7 tCO 2 /tSteel

Integrated and electric furnace steel, production and emissions intensity

Steel CO 2 intensities by region, 1995

Scope for progress in steel 1.Minor improvements through process integration & heat recovery (~2% reduction) –continuous casting –furnace gas recovery and use –coke dry quenching 2.Short to mid term opportunities –Corex, CCF, Circored, Circofer, HISmelt … (up to 45% reduction in integrated steel emissions) 3.Long term future –carbon capture and storage (up to 90% reduction) –alternative reductants such as H2 (50–100% reduction)