Light-duty vehicles (LDVs) 1.44% growth in light duty vehicle sales expected 2000– % of production in OECD 3.Trade – $435 billion in Highly concentrated – Top ten companies account for 74% of production 5.High product differentiation

LDV emissions 1.Single technology platform (internal combustion engine) inherently inefficient: only 15% of energy is captured 2.LDVs – 6.7% of total anthropogenic GHG emissions (total road transport = 11.3%) 3.30% growth in LDV emissions expected 2000– The use of automobiles accounts for 90% of their emissions 5.Emissions intensities vary considerably by region: 230–400 gCO 2 /km

Well-to-wheels GHG emissions intensity of automobile stock by region Source: World Business Council for Sustainable Development, Sustainable Mobility Project

Hypothetical potential of individual technologies to lower road transport Well-to-Wheels CO 2 emissions relative to the reference case Source: Mobility 2030, Figure 4.7