Digestive System Anatomy and Physiology Mr. Nichols PHHS

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Mouth Hard Palate Hard Palate –Anterior roof Soft Palate Soft Palate –Posterior Roof Uvula Uvula –Projection of soft palate

Teeth Deciduous teeth Deciduous teeth –Baby teeth Incisors- cut food Incisors- cut food Canines- tear and pierce food Canines- tear and pierce food Molars- grinding Molars- grinding

Esophagus Tube carries food to stomach (Avg 9.87 inches) Tube carries food to stomach (Avg 9.87 inches) Peristalsis Peristalsis –Muscle contractions that move the food

Pharynx Passageway for food and air Passageway for food and air

Salivary Glands Parotid glands- near ears in mouth Parotid glands- near ears in mouth Submandibular and sublingual glands Submandibular and sublingual glands –Produce saliva under tongue Saliva Saliva –Moistens food –Helps start startch digestion

Large Intestine (Colon) Absorbs water (5ft long) Absorbs water (5ft long) Get rid of waste Get rid of waste Appendix Appendix –Inflamed appendix=appendicitis

UC up close!

Pancreas Produces enzymes that breaks down macromolecules (especially carbs) Produces enzymes that breaks down macromolecules (especially carbs) Empties into small intestine Empties into small intestine Neutralizes gastric acid Neutralizes gastric acid Produces insulin and glucagon Produces insulin and glucagon

Liver and Gall Bladder Produces bile Produces bile Bile enters small intestine Bile enters small intestine Helps breakdown lipids Helps breakdown lipids Gall bladder stores bile Gall bladder stores bile

How the stomach produces Gastric Juice. Gastric acid is produced by parietal cells in the stomach. Its secretion is a complex and relatively energetically expensive process. Gastric acid is produced by parietal cells in the stomach. Its secretion is a complex and relatively energetically expensive process. Parietal cells contain an extensive secretory network from which the gastric acid is secreted into the lumen (Inside surface) of the stomach. Parietal cells contain an extensive secretory network from which the gastric acid is secreted into the lumen (Inside surface) of the stomach.

Disorder of the Day! Hepatitis (Plural Hepatitides) Hepatitis (Plural Hepatitides) There are five main types of hepatitis that are caused by a virus, A, B, C, D, and E -Inflammation of the Liver. -Inflammation of the Liver. Two types of Hepatitis Two types of Hepatitis Acute- Flu like symptoms, muscle and joint ache, fever, nausea or vomitting, headache ect. Key Sign: Dark Urine, jaundice. Acute- Flu like symptoms, muscle and joint ache, fever, nausea or vomitting, headache ect. Key Sign: Dark Urine, jaundice.

Second Type Chronic Chronic Extensive Damage and scarring of the liver (cirrhosis), this leads to excessive weight loss, easy bruising and bleeding tendencies. Extensive Damage and scarring of the liver (cirrhosis), this leads to excessive weight loss, easy bruising and bleeding tendencies.

Treatments Hepatitis A - this is caused by eating infected food or water. The food or water is infected with a virus called HAV (Hepatitis A Virus). Nearly everyone who develops Hepatitis A makes a full recovery - it does not lead to chronic disease. Hepatitis B - This is an STD. It is caused by the virus HBV (Hepatitis B Virus) and is spread by contact with infected blood, semen, and some other body fluids.

Up Close.

Disorder of the Day! Crohn’s Diseaseis a type of inflammatory bowel disease that may affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract from mouth to anus, causing a wide variety of symptoms. Crohn’s Diseaseis a type of inflammatory bowel disease that may affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract from mouth to anus, causing a wide variety of symptoms. Cause: Unknown but there are theories, dietary and stress or genetics. Cause: Unknown but there are theories, dietary and stress or genetics.

Symptoms It primarily causes abdominal pain, diarrhea (which may be bloody if inflammation is at its worst), vomiting (can be continuous), or weight loss, but may also cause complications outside the gastrointestinal tract such as skin rashes, arthritis, inflammation of the eye, tiredness, and lack of concentration. It primarily causes abdominal pain, diarrhea (which may be bloody if inflammation is at its worst), vomiting (can be continuous), or weight loss, but may also cause complications outside the gastrointestinal tract such as skin rashes, arthritis, inflammation of the eye, tiredness, and lack of concentration.

Treatment Mild Symptoms: Ciprofloxacin, metronidazole. Mild Symptoms: Ciprofloxacin, metronidazole. Severe Cases: Treated with steroids through IV, the disease and symptoms must be controls Severe Cases: Treated with steroids through IV, the disease and symptoms must be controls

What is looks like!

Disorder of the Day Diverticulitis Diverticulitis -When a pouch forms in the wall of the colon, the pouch typically becomes inflamed or infected. -When a pouch forms in the wall of the colon, the pouch typically becomes inflamed or infected. This becomes very painful. This becomes very painful.

Symptoms Belly pain, usually in the lower left side, that is sometimes worse when you move. This is the most common symptom. Belly pain, usually in the lower left side, that is sometimes worse when you move. This is the most common symptom. Fever and chills. Fever and chills. Bloating and gas. Bloating and gas. Diarrhea or constipation. Diarrhea or constipation. Nausea and sometimes vomiting. Nausea and sometimes vomiting. Not feeling like eating. Not feeling like eating.

Treatment For mild cramps and belly pain: For mild cramps and belly pain: Use a heating pad, set on low, on your belly. Use a heating pad, set on low, on your belly. Relax. For example, try meditation or slow, deep breathing in a quiet room. Relax. For example, try meditation or slow, deep breathing in a quiet room. Take medicine, such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, for example). Take medicine, such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, for example).

Dietary Changes You may be able to prevent diverticulitis if you drink plenty of water, get regular exercise, and eat a high-fiber diet. A high- fiber diet includes whole grains, fresh fruits, and vegetables. You may be able to prevent diverticulitis if you drink plenty of water, get regular exercise, and eat a high-fiber diet. A high- fiber diet includes whole grains, fresh fruits, and vegetables.

Disease of the Day Jaundice Jaundice -Literally means ‘yellow’ in French. -Literally means ‘yellow’ in French. -Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes from the backup of bile into body tissues. -Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes from the backup of bile into body tissues. -May result from a blockage of ducts of the liver which empty bile into intestines. -May result from a blockage of ducts of the liver which empty bile into intestines.

Examples Severe Jaundice Mild Jaundice

Treatments Mild to moderate Jaundice usually go away with out treatment in 5-7 days. Mild to moderate Jaundice usually go away with out treatment in 5-7 days. Other cases require a treatment called ‘Phototherapy,’ this treatment breaks down ‘bilirubin’ in the skin to non-toxic levels. Other cases require a treatment called ‘Phototherapy,’ this treatment breaks down ‘bilirubin’ in the skin to non-toxic levels. Pro Tip: Blood transfusions accelerate the rate of jaundice recovery. Why? Pro Tip: Blood transfusions accelerate the rate of jaundice recovery. Why?

Disorder of the Day! Ulcerative colitis (Colitis ulcerosa, UC) Ulcerative colitis (Colitis ulcerosa, UC) A form of ‘Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), UC is a form of colitis, a disease of a colon. No known cure. A form of ‘Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), UC is a form of colitis, a disease of a colon. No known cure. Characterized by peptic ulcers, or open sores. Characterized by peptic ulcers, or open sores. Ulcer- A break in a body membrane. Ulcer- A break in a body membrane.

Causes Like Crohn’s Disease, scientists have no definitive cause identified. Like Crohn’s Disease, scientists have no definitive cause identified. 1.) Immune System: Virus or bacterium may trigger UC, the digestive tract becomes inflamed as the immune system attacks the microorganism. 1.) Immune System: Virus or bacterium may trigger UC, the digestive tract becomes inflamed as the immune system attacks the microorganism. 2.) Heredity: A random mutation or inherited genes may cause the disorder. 2.) Heredity: A random mutation or inherited genes may cause the disorder.

Symptoms 1.) Diarrhea mixed with blood, often a gradual onset. 1.) Diarrhea mixed with blood, often a gradual onset. 2.) Rectal pain 2.) Rectal pain 3.) Swelling of the abdomen 3.) Swelling of the abdomen 4.) Painful bowel movements. 4.) Painful bowel movements.

Treatments The goal of medical treatment is to reduce the inflammation that triggers your signs and symptoms. The goal of medical treatment is to reduce the inflammation that triggers your signs and symptoms. Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: Sulfasalazine, Corticosteroids. Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: Sulfasalazine, Corticosteroids. Surgery to repair/remove the ulcer. Surgery to repair/remove the ulcer.

Worst Colitis I’ve seen

Stomach Cardioesophageal Sphincter Cardioesophageal Sphincter –Opening at top of stomach Gastric Juice Gastric Juice –Stomach acid Chyme Chyme –Substance left after stomach digestion Pyloric Sphincter Pyloric Sphincter –Opening at bottom of stomach leads to intestines Can comfortably hold 1 liter of food, can hold 2-3 liters (super full)

Small Intestine Nearly all food absorption occurs here (90%) Nearly all food absorption occurs here (90%) Three Sections Three Sections –Duodenum (1ft-1.5ft) –Jejunum (Avg 8.2ft) –Ileum (Avg 11.5 ft) -Length can vary greatly Between people (19-32ft) Avg: ft

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