Medical Terminology Introduction Chapter 1 COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Objectives Identify the roles of the four types of word parts used in forming medical terms use knowledge of word parts to analyze unfamiliar medical terms describe the steps in locating a term in a medical dictionary define the commonly used word roots, combining forms, suffixes and prefixes recognize the importance of spelling medical terms correctly state why caution is important when using abbreviations COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Introduction Word Root: the word part that usually indicates the part of the body involved. Combining Form: a word root that has a vowel added to the end. Suffix: the word part attached at the end of a word that usually indicates the procedure, condition, disorder or disease. Prefix: the word part attached at the beginning of a word that usually indicates location, time, number, or status. COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

-algia pain or painful condition dys- bad, difficult or painful -ectomy surgical removal hyper- excessive or increased hypo- deficient or decreased -itis inflammation -osis abnormal condition or disease COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

-ostomy the surgical creation of an artificial opening -plasty surgical repair -rrhage bleeding or abnormal excessive fluid discharge -rrhaphy surgical suturing -rrhea flow, abnormal discharge -rrhexis rupture -sclerosis abnormal hardening COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

The four types of word parts: Word root: contains the basic meaning of the term Combining form: used when a suffix beginning with a consonant is added Suffix: comes at the end of a word (usually indicates the procedure, condition, disorder or disease) Prefix: comes at the beginning of a word (usually indicates the location, time, number, or status) COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Word Part Guidelines A word root cannot stand alone. A suffix must always be added at the end of the word to complete the term the rules for creating a combining form by adding a vowel apply when a suffix, beginning with a consonant is added to a word root COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Word parts indicating color cyan/o: blue erythr/o: red leuk/o: white melan/o: black poli/o: gray COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Rules for using combining forms When to word words are joined a combining vowel is always added between the two word roots a combining vowel is used with the second word root only if the suffix begins with a consonant a combining form is used when a suffix begins with a consonant a combining form is not used when the suffix begins with a vowel COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Suffixes is as noun endings -um -us -y COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Suffixes meaning pertaining to -ac -ior -al -ory -an -ous -ar -tic -ary -eal -ical -ial -ic -ine COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Suffixes meaning abnormal condition -ago -esis -ia -iasis -ion -ism -osis COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Suffixes related to pathology -algia = pain and suffering -dynia = pain -itis = inflammation -megaly = enlargement -malacia = abnormal softening -necrosis = tissue death -sclerosis = abnormal hardening -stenosis = abnormal narrowing COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Suffixes is related to procedures -centesis = a surgical puncture to remove fluid -graphy = the process of producing a picture or record -gram = a picture or record -plasty = surgical repair -scopy = visual examination COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

The "Double R" suffixes -rrhage and -rrhagia = bleeding (usually to describe sudden severe bleeding) NOTE: --rrhage = abnormal excessive fluid loss or discharge -rrhaphy = surgical suturing to close a wound -rrhea = flow or discharge (usually pertaining to most body fluids) -rrhexis = rupture COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Prefixes Added to the beginning of a word to influence the meaning of the term usually indicates location, time or number COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Prefixes describing direction, quantity, size and amount ab- away from, negative, absent ad- toward, to in the direction of dext/ro = right side sinistr/o = left side ex- out of, outside, away from in- in, into, not without macro- large, abnormal size, or long Micr/o, micro = tiny, small (microscopic) mega, megal/o- large, great olig/o = scanty, few pre - before post- after, behind COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Contrasting prefixes ab- away from (absent) ad- toward, in the direction of dys- bad, difficult, painful eu- good, normal, well, or easy hyper- increased, excessive hypo- decreased, deficient inter- between or among (interstate) intra- within or inside sub- under, less, or below super-, supra- above or excessive COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Guideline Singular Plural If the singular term ends in the suffix -a, the plural is usually formed by changing the ending to -ae bursa vertebra bursae vertebrae If the singular term ends in the suffix-ex or -ix, the plural is usually formed by changing these endings to -ices appendix index appendices indices If the singular term ends in the suffix -is, the plural is usually formed by changing the ending to -es diagnosis metasis diagnoses metastases It's a singular term ends in the suffix --itis, the plural is usually formed by changing the -is ending to -ides arthritis meningitis arthritides meningitides If the singular term ends in the suffix -nx, the plural is usually formed by changing the -x ending to-ges phalanx meninx phalanges meninges COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Guideline Singular Plural If the singular term ends in the suffix –on, the plural is usually formed by changing the ending to -a criterion ganglion criteria ganglia If the singular term ends in the suffix –um, the plural is usually formed by changing the ending to - a diverticulum ovum diverticula ova If the singular term ends in the suffix –us, the plural is usually formed by changing the ending to -i alveolus malleolus alveoli malleoli COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

A sign is objective evidence of disease A sign is objective evidence of disease. Objective mean the sign can be evaluated or measured by the patient and/or others A symptom is subjective evidence of a disease. Subjective means that it can be evaluated a measured only by the person experiencing it. A syndrome is a set of signs and symptoms that occur together as part of a specific disease process. COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

A diagnosis (DX) is the identification of a disease. A differential diagnosis (D/DX), also known as rule out (R/O) is the attempt to determine which one of several diseases could be causing the signs and symptoms that the patient is presenting with A syndrome is a set of signs and symptoms that occur together as part of a prognosis is a prediction of the probable course and outcome of a disorderspecific disease process. COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

An acute condition has a rapid onset, a severe course, and a short duration A chronic condition is of a long-duration. These diseases and disorders and can be controlled, but are rarely cured A remission is the temporary, partial, or complete disappearance of the symptoms associated with a disease without having achieved a cure COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

A disease is a condition in which one or more body parts are not functioning normally. Some are named for their signs and symptoms. An eponym is a disease, structure, operation or procedure named after the person who discovered or described it first. An acronym is a word formed from the initial letter of the major parts of a compound term COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Test your knowledge Surgical removal What is the meaning of –ectomy? COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Test your knowledge enlargement What is the meaning of –megaly? COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

What is the meaning of –algia? Test your knowledge What is the meaning of –algia? Pain or suffering COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

What is the meaning of –hyper? Test your knowledge What is the meaning of –hyper? Excessive, increased COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

What is the meaning of –hypo? Test your knowledge What is the meaning of –hypo? Deficient, decreased COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

What is the meaning of –itis? Test your knowledge What is the meaning of –itis? Inflammation COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

What is the meaning of necrosis? Test your knowledge What is the meaning of necrosis? Tissue death COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Test your knowledge The surgical creation of an artificial opening What is the meaning of -ostomy? The surgical creation of an artificial opening COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

What is the meaning of -otomy? Test your knowledge What is the meaning of -otomy? Surgical incision, cutting COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

What is the meaning of -scopy? Test your knowledge What is the meaning of -scopy? Visual examination COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

What is the meaning of melan/o? Test your knowledge What is the meaning of melan/o? Black COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

What is the meaning of leuko/o? Test your knowledge What is the meaning of leuko/o? White COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

What is the meaning of erythr/o? Test your knowledge What is the meaning of erythr/o? Red COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

What is the meaning of poli/o? Test your knowledge What is the meaning of poli/o? Gray COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

COPYRIGHT 2011 PHLEBOTOMY GEEKS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED